Question 1

Recall is a type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be "pulled" out of memory with few or no cues.

Accepted Answer

Recall involves retrieving information without any cues or hints. This is different from recognition, which involves identifying information when presented with cues or options.

Question 2

Recognition is the ability to match information with stored images or facts.

Accepted Answer

Recognition involves identifying and matching information with previously stored images or facts in memory.

Question 3

Memories retrieved while under hypnosis are more accurate than memories retrieved while not under hypnosis,but persons who retrieve memories under hypnosis are far less reluctant to change their answers even when told that they may be wrong.

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis can create false memories, and individuals may be more susceptible to suggestion and less likely to change their answers even when they are told they may be wrong. Therefore, memories retrieved under hypnosis are not necessarily more accurate than memories retrieved without hypnosis.

Question 4

Constructive processing is the process of altering memories of the past so that they are more positive.

Accepted Answer

Constructive processing refers to the way in which memories are built or reconstructed from the information that is stored in the brain, which can involve alteration or embellishment, but it is not specifically about making memories more positive.

Question 5

The misinformation effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked misleading questions or given misleading information to incorporate that information into their memories for a particular event.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true. The misinformation effect has been extensively studied in psychology and refers to the phenomenon where people's memories are altered or influenced by incorrect or misleading information presented to them after an event has occurred.

Question 6

Hypnotized people report more accurate AND inaccurate information than people who are not hypnotized.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that hypnotized individuals may report more accurate information than non-hypnotized individuals in certain situations, such as in recalling specific details of a crime scene. However, they may also report inaccurate information due to the suggestibility and susceptibility to false memories under hypnosis.

Question 7

Loftus and others have found that people constantly update and revise their memories of events,adding information to a memory that occurred later even when that information is in error.

Accepted Answer

Loftus and her colleagues have conducted numerous studies that support the idea that individuals' memories of events can be influenced and changed over time, often leading them to revise their memories and include incorrect information. This phenomenon is known as memory updating or memory distortion.

Question 8

Encoding failure is often the reason some memories cannot be retrieved,because they were never actually encoded in the first place.

Accepted Answer

Encoding failure occurs when information was not properly stored or encoded in memory, making it difficult or impossible to retrieve later.

Question 9

The constructive processing effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked misleading questions or given misleading information to incorporate that information into their memories for a particular event.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The constructive processing effect refers to the...

Question 10

Memories retrieved while under hypnosis are no more accurate than memories retrieved while not under hypnosis,but persons who retrieve memories under hypnosis are far more reluctant to change their answers even when told that they may be wrong.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that memories retrieved under hypnosis are no more accurate than memories retrieved without hypnosis. However, it has been found that individuals who retrieve memories under hypnosis are more confident in the accuracy of their memories and less likely to change their answers even when presented with contradictory evidence. Therefore, it is important to view memories retrieved under hypnosis with caution and consider alternative methods of corroborating the information.

Question 11

Hindsight bias is the process of altering memories of the past so that they are more in line with accurate information that is learned later-the Monday morning quarterback effect.

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias is the tendency to view events as more predictable than they actually were before they took place. This can lead people to alter their memories of past events in such a way that they appear more predictable and controllable in hindsight. This is also known as the "I knew it all along" effect or the Monday morning quarterback effect.

Question 12

Pezdek and colleagues have found that false memories are more likely to be formed for implausible false events than for plausible ones.

Accepted Answer

Pezdek and colleagues found that false memories are more likely to be formed for plausible events rather than implausible ones, as plausibility increases the likelihood of accepting the event as a memory.

Question 13

Luria's mnemonist suffered from the problem of not being able to forget trivial things.

Accepted Answer

Luria's mnemonist (S) had an incredible memory and was able to remember intricate details of daily events and conversations from years ago. However, this also meant he couldn't forget trivial things like the color of someone's shirt or the arrangement of the chairs in a room.

Question 14

Memory trace decay theory assumes the presence of a physical memory trace that decays with disuse over time.

Accepted Answer

Memory trace decay theory posits that the physical memory trace, or engram, decays over time when not used or rehearsed, leading to forgetting of the information.

Question 15

Pezdek and colleagues have found that false memories are more likely to be formed for plausible false events than for implausible ones.

Accepted Answer

Pezdek and colleagues' research suggests that people are more likely to form false memories for events that are plausible, meaning they could have realistically occurred, rather than for events that are improbable or unlikely.

Question 16

Loftus has found that eyewitness memory is extremely reliable and doesn't change over time.

Accepted Answer

Loftus has actually found that eyewitness memory is not always reliable and can be influenced by factors such as leading questions, post-event information, and even the wording of questions asked during an investigation. Additionally, memory can change over time due to the normal processes of forgetting and reconstruction.

Question 17

A mnemonist is a person with exceptional memory ability.

Accepted Answer

A mnemonist is indeed a person with exceptional memory ability. They are able to remember and recall vast amounts of information with great accuracy and detail. Some mnemonists use techniques such as visualization, association, and chunking to enhance their memory abilities.

Question 18

Episodic memory consists of personal facts and memories of one's personal history.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is a type of long-term memory that stores personal experiences and events in chronological order, including autobiographical information of one's personal history.

Question 19

Recognition is typically harder than recall.

Accepted Answer

Recognition involves identifying information in the presence of cues, which is generally easier than recall, where information must be retrieved from memory without cues.

Question 20

Hypnosis enhances the confidence people have in their memories,regardless of their accuracy or inaccuracy.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that hypnosis can increase the confidence people have in their memories, even if those memories are incorrect or inaccurate. This is known as the "memory confidence effect" and can lead to false memories being created or individuals giving inaccurate testimony in legal cases.

Quiz 6: Memory