Question 1

Hideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam.Thao asks the following question: "What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present?" Hideki would be most correct if he answered
A)elaborative rehearsal.
B)suggestive memory.
C)encoding.
D)memory.

Accepted Answer

The term that Thao is referring to is "memory". Memory allows for the retention and recall of past events, and the ability to use that information in the present. None of the other answer choices refer specifically to using information from the past in the present.

Question 2

What system of memory has the largest span and longest duration?
A)Long-term memory
B)Flashbulb memory
C)Short-term memory
D)Sensory memory

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory has the largest span and longest duration compared to sensory memory, short-term memory, and flashbulb memory. Long-term memory is responsible for storing information for a prolonged period, ranging from days to years. It encompasses declarative memory, which deals with the storage and retrieval of facts, and procedural memory, which is related to the learning and execution of skills and behaviors. Flashbulb memories refer to detailed and vivid memories of significant events, while sensory memory stores sensory information for a short time before it is processed by the brain. Short-term memory temporarily holds information before it is either dismissed or transferred to long-term memory. Therefore, the best choice is A) Long-term memory.

Question 3

While on a cruise ship,Kevin became sick after eating a seafood dinner.His food poisoning coupled with sea sickness led to a terrible vacation and consequently Kevin shivers at the mere sight of cruise ships.Kevin's behaviour illustrates the process of
A)stimulus discrimination.
B)scapegoating.
C)acquisition.
D)stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

Kevin's shivering at the sight of all cruise ships is an example of stimulus generalization, where he is responding in the same way to similar stimuli (all cruise ships) due to his negative experience with one cruise ship. Stimulus discrimination (A) would be the opposite, where Kevin would be able to differentiate between different types of cruise ships and not respond with fear to all of them. Scapegoating (B) refers to unfairly blaming a certain individual or group for a problem, which does not apply in this situation. Acquisition (C) refers to the initial learning process of forming associations between stimuli and responses, which does not apply here since Kevin's behavior is a result of a negative experience.

Question 4

One's subjective mental perspective and personal understanding of the world are what psychologists refer to as
A)perception.
B)sensation.
C)motivation.
D)consciousness.

Accepted Answer

Consciousness refers to an individual's awareness and personal understanding of the world, encompassing their subjective mental perspective.

Question 5

Which "club drug" has been associated with a disruption in patterns of brain activity that bring about a unified sense of self and body and results in reports of bizarre out-of-body experiences and feelings of detachment from the physical world?
A)Ecstasy
B)Fentanyl
C)Ketamine
D)Crystal meth

Accepted Answer

Ketamine has been associated with a disruption in patterns of brain activity that bring about a unified sense of self and body, resulting in reports of bizarre out-of-body experiences and feelings of detachment from the physical world. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic and is commonly referred to as a "club drug."

Question 6

For cancer patients,conditioned taste aversions can be very problematic as foods they eat prior to chemotherapy become associated with illness and vomiting.As a result,cancer patients may be asked to _________________ prior to chemotherapy treatments.
A)participate in systematic desensitization
B)engage in behaviours incompatible with illness to combat negative associations.
C)eat an unfamiliar scapegoat food that they aren't fond of
D)refrain from eating to limit conditioned taste aversions

Accepted Answer

Eating an unfamiliar scapegoat food can help prevent the association of illness with foods they regularly enjoy, as the scapegoat food becomes the target of the aversion instead.

Question 7

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies,the salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was the
A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response is the learned behavior that is triggered by the conditioned stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment, the salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was the conditioned response.

Question 8

The ability to detect physical energy through our visual or touch systems is known as
A)accommodation.
B)transduction.
C)sensation.
D)perception.

Accepted Answer

Sensation is the ability to detect physical energy through our visual or touch systems.

Question 9

What experimental apparatus has been used to study depth perception in infants?
A)Escher lithographs
B)Zener cards
C)The Ames Room
D)The visual cliff

Accepted Answer

The visual cliff is a classic experimental apparatus that has been used to measure infant depth perception abilities. It involves a platform with a clear glass surface that creates the illusion of a drop-off. Infants are placed on the platform and their reactions to the illusion are measured, providing insights into their perception of depth and their ability to navigate their environment.

Question 10

________ occurs when people require larger amounts of a drug to experience the same effects experienced during their initial usage.
A)Satiety
B)Physical withdrawal
C)Psychological withdrawal
D)Tolerance

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is the term used to describe the phenomenon where individuals require larger doses of a drug to achieve the same effects as they did with previous usage. This can occur with both prescription and recreational drugs and is a defining characteristic of addiction.

Question 11

The organization and interpretation of olfactory information is one example of
A)transduction.
B)accommodation.
C)perception.
D)sensation.

Accepted Answer

The organization and interpretation of olfactory information - the identification of specific smells and recognition of their meaning - involves perception, the process of making sense of sensory information. Transduction is the conversion of a sensory stimulus (such as odor molecules) into neural signals, while accommodation refers to the body's adjustment to sensory input over time. Sensation refers to the initial detection and encoding of sensory information.

Question 12

Audience members at hypnosis demonstrations are often amazed by seemingly extraordinary events.They seem to have failed to realize that the persons who are on stage demonstrating the power of hypnosis were selected for their
A)reactivity.
B)suggestibility.
C)gullibility.
D)flexibility.

Accepted Answer

The best choice is B (suggestibility). Hypnotists select individuals for their suggestibility, which means that they are more susceptible to the hypnotist's suggestions and can be more easily hypnotized. These individuals are more likely to display the extraordinary events that the audience members observe during hypnosis demonstrations.

Question 13

Which of the following describes the main difference between observational learning and operant conditioning?
A)Observational learning uses punishment and reinforcement of models to condition the behaviours of observers.
B)Observational learning uses mainly punishment to condition behaviour as compared to operant conditioning,which uses both reinforcement and punishment.
C)Observational learning uses different schedules of punishment and reinforcement to condition behaviours as compared to operant conditioning.
D)Observational learning uses mainly reinforcement to condition behaviour as compared to operant conditioning,which uses both reinforcement and punishment.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves learning by watching others, without direct reinforcement or punishment, whereas operant conditioning involves learning through direct reinforcement or punishment.

Question 14

One's difficulty in attaining adequate nightly sleep would likely be diagnosed as a psychological disorder
A)if it interferes with daily activities such as work and negatively impacts a person's health.
B)even if it occurs relatively infrequently.
C)only if the person feels that the lack of sleep is causing problems in other areas.
D)when it results from a deliberate choice,such as studying all night for an exam.

Accepted Answer

A difficulty in attaining adequate nightly sleep that negatively impacts a person's health and interferes with daily activities is likely to be diagnosed as a psychological disorder, such as insomnia or sleep apnea. Infrequency of occurrence, the absence of problems in other areas, or deliberate choice, such as studying all night for an exam, would not necessarily be indicative of a psychological disorder.

Question 15

During lecture each day,a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain.However,most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later.The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of
A)bias.
B)interference.
C)decay.
D)suggestibility.

Accepted Answer

The forgetting that occurs between the classes is most likely the result of decay, which means the weakening or fading of memories over time due to disuse. The information presented in the first class may not be rehearsed or repeated again until the following class, which may cause the memory to decay or weaken, leading to forgetting. Bias, interference, and suggestibility may also affect memory retention, but they do not directly explain the forgetting that occurs between classes.

Question 16

Regarding operant conditioning,which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A)A student is sent to detention for fighting.
B)A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment.
C)A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness.
D)A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves removing a negative stimulus after a desired behavior is exhibited in order to increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. In this case, the negative stimulus is the weekly quiz, and the exemplary homework behavior results in the removal of that negative stimulus. Therefore, choice D is an example of negative reinforcement.

Question 17

Charlie is participating in a psychology experiment where the researcher asks him to listen to noises on a set of headphones.He is administered many test trials,and after each one he is required to respond as to whether he heard a sound or not.Based on signal detection theory,if a sound was presented on the headphones but Charlie responded that there was no sound,this is an example of a
A)true negative.
B)false negative.
C)true positive.
D)false positive.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a false negative, as Charlie failed to detect the presence of a sound even though it was present.

Question 18

Which of the following sensory difficulties is argued to be the most dangerous?
A)Pain insensitivity
B)Loss of smell
C)Deafness
D)Blindness

Accepted Answer

Pain insensitivity is argued to be the most dangerous sensory difficulty as it can lead to injuries going unnoticed and untreated, which can result in serious harm or even death. Those who feel no pain may not react to harmful stimuli, and thus, may not take steps to protect themselves or get appropriate medical care. Loss of smell, deafness, and blindness can also pose significant challenges, but they are generally not considered as life-threatening as pain insensitivity.

Question 19

Which of the following is a misconception regarding the effects of alcohol?
A)Heavy drinking over time is associated with brain damage and memory loss.
B)Mixing diet drinks with alcohol reduces the risk of intoxication.
C)Coordination can be affected for as long as 10-12 hours after drinking.
D)A "blackout" is a loss of memory for a period of time while drunk.

Accepted Answer

Mixing diet drinks with alcohol does not reduce the risk of intoxication. In fact, it can lead to increased levels of alcohol in the bloodstream as the sugar-free mixers can increase the rate of alcohol absorption in the body. This is a common misconception, but it is not true.

Question 20

Which of the following is correct regarding schedules of reinforcement?
A)Partial reinforcement allows for new behaviours to be learned more quickly as compared to continuous reinforcement.
B)Continuous reinforcement schedules involve reinforcing behaviour based on fixed time interval schedules.
C)Continuous reinforcement of target behaviour leads to greater resistance to extinction than does partial reinforcement.
D)Partial reinforcement of target behaviour leads to greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Partial reinforcement leads to greater resistance to extinction because the behaviour is maintained even when reinforcement is not consistently provided, making it more persistent.

Quiz 18: Psychology: Sensory Processing, Conditioning, Memory, and Biases

Hideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam.Thao asks the following question: "What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present?" Hideki would be most correct if he answered

What system of memory has the largest span and longest duration?

While on a cruise ship,Kevin became sick after eating a seafood dinner.His food poisoning coupled with sea sickness led to a terrible vacation and consequently Kevin shivers at the mere sight of cruise ships.Kevin's behaviour illustrates the process of

One's subjective mental perspective and personal understanding of the world are what psychologists refer to as

Which "club drug" has been associated with a disruption in patterns of brain activity that bring about a unified sense of self and body and results in reports of bizarre out-of-body experiences and feelings of detachment from the physical world?

For cancer patients,conditioned taste aversions can be very problematic as foods they eat prior to chemotherapy become associated with illness and vomiting.As a result,cancer patients may be asked to _________________ prior to chemotherapy treatments.

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies,the salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was the

The ability to detect physical energy through our visual or touch systems is known as

What experimental apparatus has been used to study depth perception in infants?

________ occurs when people require larger amounts of a drug to experience the same effects experienced during their initial usage.

The organization and interpretation of olfactory information is one example of

Audience members at hypnosis demonstrations are often amazed by seemingly extraordinary events.They seem to have failed to realize that the persons who are on stage demonstrating the power of hypnosis were selected for their

Which of the following describes the main difference between observational learning and operant conditioning?

One's difficulty in attaining adequate nightly sleep would likely be diagnosed as a psychological disorder

During lecture each day,a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain.However,most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later.The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of

Regarding operant conditioning,which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Which of the following sensory difficulties is argued to be the most dangerous?

Which of the following is a misconception regarding the effects of alcohol?

Which of the following is correct regarding schedules of reinforcement?