Question 1

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes.They are

Accepted Answer

A is the correct choice as it accurately describes the three processes of memory- encoding (receiving information), storage (organizing and storing information), and retrieval (retrieving the information from storage). The other options (B, C, and D) describe aspects of classical conditioning, perceptual processing, and learning phenomena respectively, which are not interchangeable with the processes of memory.

Question 2

What system of memory has the largest span and longest duration?

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory has the largest span and longest duration, as it can store information for days, weeks, months, and even years. It has an unlimited capacity and can store both explicit and implicit memories. Sensory memory records information from our senses for a brief moment, and short-term memory can store information for up to 30 seconds. Flashbulb memory is a type of long-term memory that records significant and emotional events in detail. Therefore, the best choice for the system of memory with the largest span and longest duration is long-term memory.

Question 3

According to surveys of the general public,about __________ percent of people believe that human memory works like a __________.

Accepted Answer

Surveys have shown that a significant portion of the general public, around 64%, believe that human memory functions like a video camera, accurately recording events as they happen.

Question 4

A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that

Accepted Answer

Active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives. This means that our memories are malleable and subject to change based on factors such as our current mood, beliefs, and the influence of outside information. This theme is supported by research studies that have shown how easily memories can be distorted or manipulated through suggestion or even just the passage of time. Therefore, memory is not a fixed entity, but rather a dynamic process that is continually shaped and revised over time.

Question 5

Dr.Vargas can remember hundreds of students' names from his twenty-five years of university teaching but has difficulty remembering the new three-digit area code for his home phone number.This is one illustration of

Accepted Answer

The paradox of memory refers to situations where people can remember certain things well, but have difficulty remembering other things which are seemingly less important or relevant. This is what is happening in Dr. Vargas' case - he remembers hundreds of student names (which are likely more important to him), but struggles to remember his new phone area code (which may not be as important to him on a daily basis).

Question 6

A small subset of individuals with infantile autism have

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that some individuals with autism exhibit exceptional memory skills, particularly in the areas of factual and detail-oriented information. However, this is not a trait that all individuals with autism possess, and it is only a small subset of the population who exhibit this ability.

Question 7

Based on research concerning culture and memory reconstruction,which individual would experience observer (relative to field)memories most often?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that individuals from collectivist cultures, like China, are more likely to experience observer memories, as these cultures emphasize the perspective of others and social context.

Question 8

After presenting groups of research participants with words like thread,eye,pin,syringe,sewing,sharp,and thimble,a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle.The fact that many participants do is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a memory illusion, also known as the false memory effect. The presentation of related words can prime participants to think they also saw the word needle, even if it was not actually presented. This demonstrates the malleability of memory and how it can be influenced by contextual factors.

Question 9

The case of Nadean Cool,who came to believe she had dissociative identity disorder and had suffered brutal and repeated child abuse,demonstrates that

Accepted Answer

Nadean Cool's case demonstrated that therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and hypnotic age regression led her to falsely recall past events. This suggests that these techniques can lead to the creation of false memories, and highlights the importance of being cautious when using them in therapy. The other options (A, B, C) are not entirely incorrect, but they do not directly apply to the case of Nadean Cool.

Question 10

Which of the following supports the conclusion that the nature of memory is reconstructive?

Accepted Answer

Observer memory refers to the phenomenon where people recall memories from a third-person perspective, indicating that memories are reconstructed rather than replayed exactly as they were experienced.

Question 11

Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance.The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws.As Emilio visualizes his dribbling,shooting motion,and release,he sees himself as an outside observer would.Memory researchers argue this demonstrates

Accepted Answer

The fact that Emilio sees himself as an outside observer suggests that his memory is reconstructive. This means that he is actively creating a mental image of himself making free throws, rather than simply recalling a stored memory. This is a key feature of reconstructive memory, which is the process by which memories are altered or revised based on prior experiences or current expectations.

Question 12

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are

Accepted Answer

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Encoding, storage, and retrieval are processes that occur within these three memory systems. Shallow, medium, and deep processing are levels of processing within the encoding process. CS, UCS, and CR are terms associated with classical conditioning, not memory.

Question 13

Which of the following conclusions about memory illusions is accurate?

Accepted Answer

Memory illusions can occur in anyone and are not limited to those with mental disorders. They reflect our brain's adaptive tendencies to fill in gaps in information, but this can sometimes lead to false recall. While not everyone may experience memory illusions, they are a common phenomenon that can occur in many different situations. Option A is incorrect as memory illusions are not exclusive to individuals with dissociative identity disorder. Option C is incorrect as research has shown that memory illusions can occur in a large percentage of the population. Option D is a partial explanation as focusing too much on details can contribute to memory illusions, but it is not the sole reason why they occur.

Question 14

Memory illusions,such as falsely recalling the word sleep in a list of words,are thought to result from our reliance on the __________ heuristic.

Accepted Answer

Memory illusions like falsely recalling related words are often due to the representativeness heuristic, where people judge the probability of an event by how much it resembles existing stereotypes or patterns.

Question 15

__________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses,organizes and alters information as it stores it away,and then retrieves the information from storage.

Accepted Answer

The given definition describes the process of memory, which involves the reception, organization, storage, and retrieval of information. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are specific types of learning processes, but they do not necessarily involve all of these memory processes. Therefore, the best choice is D: Memory.

Question 16

The system of memory that is comprised of our perceptions of sensory experience is known as

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is the system of memory that is comprised of our perceptions of sensory experience. It is the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. Flashbulb memory refers to a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard. Long-term memory refers to the continuous storage of information over an extended period. Short-term memory refers to the temporary storage of information that is being actively processed.

Question 17

Which of the following best reflects the paradox of memory?

Accepted Answer

The paradox of memory refers to the idea that we can remember some things very well while forgetting others, often without a clear pattern. Bobby's situation reflects this paradox as he remembers important events but forgets everyday details like where he puts his keys.

Question 18

Hideki and Thao are studying for an exam.Thao asks the following question: "What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present?" Hideki would be most correct if he answered,

Accepted Answer

The term that refers to how people use information from the past in the present is "Memory." Encoding refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory. Elaborative rehearsal is a memory technique that involves actively processing and connecting new information with existing knowledge. Suggestive memory refers to the phenomenon where external cues influence an individual's recollection of events, often leading to errors or false memories.

Question 19

Joan remembers nearly everything that she has ever experienced.If you provide Joan a date ,she can tell you what she did on that day with surprising accuracy.In fact,she has a memory that is too good.According to your textbook,Joan likely has

Accepted Answer

Joan likely has hyperthymestic syndrome, which is a condition where individuals have an exceptional ability to remember past events and experiences in great detail. This condition is also known as Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM). Option A is a partial correct choice, but hyperthymestic syndrome is a more specific term. Option C and D are incorrect and not related to the situation presented.

Question 20

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is the memory system that provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment. It holds sensory information for a very short time, ranging from a fraction of a second to a few seconds, before either being discarded or transferred to short-term memory. This system helps us filter and process information from the environment, allowing us to pay attention to relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant ones.

Quiz 7: D: Memory