Question 1

As we age,our ability to recognize the strengths and limitations of our own memories improves.This is known as
A)meta-cognition.
B)transience.
C)meta-memory.
D)permastore.

Accepted Answer

Meta-memory is the awareness and understanding of one's own memory capabilities and strategies, which improves with age.

Question 2

An important source of false memories comes from
A)anterograde amnesia.
B)source monitoring confusion.
C)retrograde amnesia.
D)permastore.

Accepted Answer

Source monitoring confusion occurs when a person has difficulty distinguishing between the source of a memory and the actual event. This can result in false memories, where the person remembers details that never actually occurred. This is a common source of false memories, particularly in eyewitness testimony and in cases of repressed memories. Anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and permastore are not directly related to the creation of false memories.

Question 3

Seth is using visualization to imagine himself throwing pitches for strikes when he plays baseball.The ability to recognize that he is constructing these images rather than recalling them from an actual game in which he played results from accurate
A)memory detection.
B)source monitoring.
C)sensory memory.
D)encoding.

Accepted Answer

Source monitoring is the ability to accurately identify the origin of a memory or thought, whether it is derived from personal experiences or imagination. In this case, Seth is using his imagination to construct an image of himself playing baseball, and he is able to recognize that this image is not from an actual game he has played but rather from his imagination. Therefore, accurate source monitoring is necessary to distinguish between memories and imaginations.

Question 4

The most common treatments for Alzheimer's disease attempt to boost the amount of __________ in the brain by inhibiting its breakdown.
A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)glutamate
D)acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

The most common treatments for Alzheimer's disease attempt to boost the amount of acetylcholine in the brain by inhibiting its breakdown. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is important for memory and learning, and its levels are reduced in individuals with Alzheimer's disease.

Question 5

You tell a joke to a friend,and you believe you made up that joke.He tells you he told you that joke a week ago.You have experienced what memory phenomenon?
A)The misinformation effect
B)Cryptomnesia
C)Retrograde amnesia
D)Repressed memory

Accepted Answer

The person has experienced cryptomnesia, which is the phenomenon of believing that one's own idea or creation is actually something they have heard or read before, but have forgotten the original source. In this case, the person forgot that their friend had told them the joke previously and believed they had come up with it themselves.

Question 6

Research on learning and memory in infants using a novel conditioning paradigm involving infant kicking and reinforcement (a moving mobile)demonstrated that
A)infants have a very limited memory span.
B)infants have a limited memory span for episodic events but not for experiences relevant to their survival (i.e. ,where to find food).
C)infants have an unlimited memory span but lack the cues to retrieve the information.
D)infants' memory span increases rapidly as they age and their memories are highly specific to their experiences.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants' memory span increases with age and their memories are highly specific to their experiences, as demonstrated by their ability to remember specific actions and contexts in conditioning paradigms.

Question 7

What biological change in development offers an explanation for the existence of infantile amnesia?
A)An excess of neuronal synapses at birth delays memory encoding
B)The hippocampus is only partially developed in infancy
C)Cortical areas involved in memory storage are understimulated by the environment
D)Neurotransmitters such as glutamate,AMPA,and NMDA are in limited supply until around three years of age.

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia is believed to be due to the incomplete development of the hippocampus, a brain area involved in memory formation and storage, in early infancy. This results in a lower capacity for long-term memory storage during this period.

Question 8

Researchers asked students about their initial recollections a few days after the Challenger explosion and then two and a half to three years later.The results showed that
A)most students showed dramatic changes from their initial recollections to their later recollections.
B)few students failed to show changes in their memories with the passage of time,and about one-third showed dramatic changes in memory.
C)few students showed significant changes in their memories with the passage of time,and their initial recollections were largely accurate.
D)most students showed changes in their memories with the passage of time,but only a few showed dramatic changes in memory.

Accepted Answer

The text states that "few students failed to show changes in their memories with the passage of time, and about one-third showed dramatic changes in memory." This means that a significant proportion of students did show changes in their memories over time, with some experiencing dramatic changes. Option B accurately captures this information, while the other options either overstate or understate the extent of memory changes observed in the study.

Question 9

Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at six months of age.Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims?
A)Because repression inhibits the conscious recognition of traumatic events such as childhood sexual abuse
B)Because decay leads to almost immediate forgetting of newly learned information
C)Because infantile amnesia makes it unlikely that these are true memories from that age
D)Because proponents of the realism of such claims are charging less to treat the victims of this abuse than those who are dubious of the claims

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia refers to the inability to recall memories from early childhood, typically before the age of three. While some memories from earlier ages may be recalled, it is highly unlikely that memories from six months of age can be accurately remembered, as the brain is not fully developed and capable of forming lasting memories at that age. Therefore, most psychologists are likely to be skeptical of such claims.

Question 10

Your friend Carrie was sexually assaulted and can't forget her experience.She has heard that there are pills that "erase traumatic memories" and wants to take one.She asks you what you know about these pills.What advice can you give Carrie?
A)The drugs will completely block recall of her trauma.
B)The drugs may only dampen the effects of the trauma but not erase the memory.
C)The drugs have no effect on memories for traumatic events.
D)The drugs often make memories of trauma worse,and they persist longer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your friend Carrie was sexually assaulted and...

Question 11

Research on flashbulb memories indicates
A)interference does not occur for these memories.
B)decay does not occur for these memories.
C)these memories are often the result of reconstruction rather than true memories.
D)they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are subject to the same errors as other types of memory, such as misinformation, suggestibility, and bias. While they may feel vivid and accurate, research has found that they are not immune to these memory distortions. Examples include the discrepancies found in people's memories of the Challenger explosion and the September 11th attacks.

Question 12

Charles is an 82-year-old man who has just been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.It is likely that his memory for __________ will be the first to degenerate,and memories of his __________ will be the last things he forgets as the disease progresses.
A)names;family
B)unfamiliar people;favourite people
C)his past;present situation
D)recent events;distant past

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease typically affects short-term memory first, meaning recent events will be the first memories to degenerate. Memories of the distant past (such as childhood or early adulthood) are often retained for a longer time, so they are likely to be the last things that a person with Alzheimer's forgets. Therefore, the best answer is D, recent events and distant past.

Question 13

Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be travelling at 60 kilometres per hour.However,after hearing another witness's report of the cars "bumping" and answering a police officer's questions about the rate of speed when the cars "contacted," he subsequently revises his estimate to 45 kilometres per hour and his memory of the accident changes.This is an example of
A)bias.
B)the misinformation effect.
C)decay.
D)interference.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the misinformation effect, which occurs when new information provided after an event influences one's memory and perception of the event. Jermaine's initial estimate was influenced by his own perception, but after hearing new information, his memory and perception changed. This is a common phenomenon in eyewitness testimony and can often cause inaccuracies in legal proceedings.

Question 14

__________ are procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place,often based on misleading information.
A)Suggestive memory techniques
B)Source monitoring views
C)Flashbulb techniques
D)Existence proofs

Accepted Answer

Suggestive memory techniques are used to encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place, often based on misleading information. These techniques can lead to the formation of false memories and can be problematic in legal cases or psychological treatments. The other choices do not accurately describe this process.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a falsifiable explanation for why infantile amnesia occurs?
A)The hippocampus is only partially developed in infancy.
B)Episodic memory systems that are necessary for long-term memory are not yet formed.
C)Memories of early experiences are repressed as fetal memories of negativity can be harmful.
D)A sense of self is necessary to encode and store memories in a meaningful manner.

Accepted Answer

This is not a falsifiable explanation as there is no way to test whether fetal memories of negativity can cause repression of early memories. A falsifiable explanation can be tested through research and evidence. A, B, and D are all falsifiable explanations as they can be tested and supported or refuted through empirical research.

Question 16

Which of these age groups has the strongest memory abilities?
A)Children
B)Infants
C)Young adults
D)Older adults

Accepted Answer

Young adults typically have the strongest memory abilities due to the peak cognitive function during this life stage.

Question 17

__________ occurs when we mistakenly forget that one of "our" ideas originated with someone else.
A)The misinformation effect
B)Cryptomnesia
C)Retrograde amnesia
D)Repressed memory

Accepted Answer

Cryptomnesia is a type of memory error in which a person mistakenly forgets that an idea, product or thought originated with someone else and not with themselves. It is a common occurrence in creative fields such as music, art, and writing. The person may genuinely believe that the idea is their own and unintentionally plagiarize someone else's work.

Question 18

Apart from severe loss of cortex in areas associated with language and memory,what other change is evident in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease?
A)Reduced blood flow
B)Enlarged ventricles
C)Long-term depression (LTD)
D)Temporal lobe swelling

Accepted Answer

Enlarged ventricles are evident in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ventricles are fluid-filled spaces in the brain, and their enlargement is a common feature of brain disorders that cause dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. The enlargement of ventricles is considered a sign of brain shrinkage, and it is related to the loss of brain tissue that occurs as a result of the disease. Reduced blood flow, LTD, and temporal lobe swelling are not typically seen in Alzheimer's disease.

Question 19

Conclusions from the Snowden nun study suggested that
A)rates of dementia and Alzheimer's occur independent of lifestyle.
B)biological factors contribute more strongly to memory loss with age than environment.
C)living a solitary and isolated life helps to prevent neuronal degeneration.
D)physical and mental activity may help to protect against memory loss.

Accepted Answer

The study suggests that physical and mental activity may play a role in protecting against memory loss. This is supported by the findings that the nuns who engaged in intellectually stimulating activities and had higher levels of physical activity had better cognitive function in old age.

Question 20

Our earliest memories of personal events tend to be recalled from events that occurred as early as age
A)1.5.
B)2.5.
C)3.5.
D)4.5.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that most people’s earliest autobiographical memories typically date back to around age 3.5.

Quiz 7: D: Memory

As we age,our ability to recognize the strengths and limitations of our own memories improves.This is known as

An important source of false memories comes from

Seth is using visualization to imagine himself throwing pitches for strikes when he plays baseball.The ability to recognize that he is constructing these images rather than recalling them from an actual game in which he played results from accurate

The most common treatments for Alzheimer's disease attempt to boost the amount of __________ in the brain by inhibiting its breakdown.

You tell a joke to a friend,and you believe you made up that joke.He tells you he told you that joke a week ago.You have experienced what memory phenomenon?

Research on learning and memory in infants using a novel conditioning paradigm involving infant kicking and reinforcement (a moving mobile) demonstrated that

What biological change in development offers an explanation for the existence of infantile amnesia?

Researchers asked students about their initial recollections a few days after the Challenger explosion and then two and a half to three years later.The results showed that

Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at six months of age.Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims?

Your friend Carrie was sexually assaulted and can't forget her experience.She has heard that there are pills that "erase traumatic memories" and wants to take one.She asks you what you know about these pills.What advice can you give Carrie?

Research on flashbulb memories indicates

Charles is an 82-year-old man who has just been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.It is likely that his memory for will be the first to degenerate,and memories of his will be the last things he forgets as the disease progresses.

__________ are procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place,often based on misleading information.

Which of the following is not a falsifiable explanation for why infantile amnesia occurs?

Which of these age groups has the strongest memory abilities?

__________ occurs when we mistakenly forget that one of "our" ideas originated with someone else.

Apart from severe loss of cortex in areas associated with language and memory,what other change is evident in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease?

Conclusions from the Snowden nun study suggested that

Our earliest memories of personal events tend to be recalled from events that occurred as early as age