Question 1

"Sundowning" is a term used to indicate that:

Accepted Answer

Sundowning refers to the worsening of delirium symptoms in the evening or at night. This can include confusion, agitation, and restlessness. It is commonly seen in people with dementia and can make it difficult for them to sleep and for their caregivers to manage their behaviors.

Question 2

Darius was in intensive care with no visitors after a routine appendectomy. Everything was sterile, white, and boring. Darius began to hallucinate. The most likely diagnosis for Darius would be _____.

Accepted Answer

ICU psychosis is a hallucinatory and delusional state that can occur in patients who are physically ill and have been admitted to the intensive care unit for an extended period. The sterile, white, and boring environment of the ICU can exacerbate this condition. As Darius is experiencing hallucinations, the most likely diagnosis for him would be ICU psychosis.

Question 3

One of two classes of drugs approved to treat the cognitive symptoms of dementia regulates the activity of the neurotransmitter _____.

Accepted Answer

Glutamate is regulated by NMDA receptor antagonists, one of the two classes of drugs approved to treat cognitive symptoms of dementia.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of neuroimaging studies and dementia?

Accepted Answer

Neuroimaging studies have shown that there is a correlation between level of education and the amount of brain deterioration associated with dementia. Specifically, individuals with less education tend to have greater brain deterioration than those with more education.

Question 5

Why should an underlying medical condition that is the cause of delirium be treated in a timely fashion?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged delirium can result in permanent brain damage, making it imperative to treat the underlying medical condition quickly to prevent this from happening.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true about treatments for dementia?

Accepted Answer

Behavior therapy has been found to be effective in managing emotional and behavioral symptoms in patients with dementia. Training family members and caregivers on how to manage patients with dementia has also shown to be effective in certain cases. However, antipsychotic drugs and antidepressants should be prescribed with caution and only after careful consideration of the potential risks and benefits. Additionally, studies have shown that aerobic exercise and mental activity can have protective value in reducing the risk for dementia.

Question 7

Briefly describe some of the biological factors that have been implicated in the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly describe some of the biological factors...

Question 8

The Nun Study, a longitudinal study of several hundred elderly nuns in the School Sisters of Notre Dame, showed that:

Accepted Answer

The Nun Study showed that nuns who entered old age with greater intellectual strength were less likely to develop severe dementia. This suggests that engaging in intellectual activities throughout life may have a protective effect against the development of severe dementia. However, it is important to note that this study focused specifically on nuns and may not be generalizable to the broader population.

Question 9

Luther is presenting symptoms of sudden disorientation, confusion, and memory loss after being tackled during a football game. He is showing signs of incoherent speech and doesn't recognize his parents or coach. Luther's condition gets worse at night. Luther is most likely experiencing _____.

Accepted Answer

Luther is presenting symptoms of delirium, a sudden onset of confusion and disorientation, often caused by a medical condition such as head trauma. Dementia is a gradual decline in cognitive function over time. Depression does not typically cause sudden memory loss and confusion. Amnesia is a specific type of memory loss and does not fully encompass Luther's symptoms.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true about gender and dementia?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that women are more likely to develop dementia due to their longer lifespan. Additionally, women may be at a higher risk due to hormonal changes and socioeconomic factors. However, it is also important to note that men may be more likely to be diagnosed with dementia at earlier stages due to differences in healthcare seeking behavior and societal expectations related to memory problems.

Question 11

What is intellectual disability? What are the biological factors that can lead to the development of this disorder?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is intellectual disability? What are the...

Question 12

Which of the following is probably the most common psychiatric syndrome found among the elderly in general hospitals?

Accepted Answer

Delirium is a common syndrome found among the elderly in general hospitals, occurring in up to 50% of elderly patients. Depression and anxiety may also occur, but delirium is more common. Suicide is a serious issue among the elderly, but it is not always associated with hospitalization.

Question 13

ICU/CCU psychosis refers to:

Accepted Answer

ICU/CCU psychosis is a form of delirium experienced by patients in intensive care units, often due to sensory overload, sleep deprivation, and the stress of being in a hospital environment, leading them to misinterpret noises from machines as human voices.

Question 14

Asian and Latino cultures are more likely to provide home care for family members with dementia because they:

Accepted Answer

Asian and Latino cultures tend to have a strong cultural value of filial piety, which emphasizes the duty of children to care for their aging parents. This often leads to a more positive view towards caring for the sick and elderly and a preference for home care rather than institutionalization.

Question 15

For which of the following reasons are African-Americans more likely than European Americans to develop vascular dementia?

Accepted Answer

African-Americans have higher rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, which are risk factors for developing vascular dementia.

Question 16

Briefly explain the different types of learning and communication disorders.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly explain the different types of learning...

Question 17

In general, _____ are more likely to be diagnosed with dementia.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently found that African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with dementia, often at earlier ages, compared to European Americans. Some possible reasons for this disparity include higher rates of cardiovascular disease, lower levels of education and socioeconomic status, and higher prevalence of other health conditions that can contribute to the development of dementia. It is important to note that this is a complex issue and further research is needed to fully understand the factors contributing to these disparities.

Question 18

What type of cognitive disorders do disorientation, recent memory loss, and a clouding of attention characterize?

Accepted Answer

Disorientation, recent memory loss, and clouding of attention are all symptoms of delirium, which is a cognitive disorder characterized by acute confusion and a disturbance in consciousness. Amnesia refers to a loss of memory, senility is an outdated term for dementia, and dementia is a more general term for a decline in cognitive function that is not necessarily accompanied by acute confusion.

Question 19

Cholinesterase _____, one class of drugs approved to treat the cognitive symptoms of dementia, _____.

Accepted Answer

Cholinesterase inhibitors (not blockers or agonists) are drugs that help prevent the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is important for cognitive function. This action increases the availability of acetylcholine in the brain, leading to improved cognitive function in individuals with dementia.

Question 20

Which of the following is the strongest predictor of delirium?

Accepted Answer

Neurocognitive disorder (previously known as dementia) is a known risk factor for delirium, as it involves significant cognitive impairment that can exacerbate confusion and disorientation. Amnesia, psychosis, and bipolar disorder are not as strongly associated with delirium.

Quiz 10: Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders