Question 1

In Japan, performance evaluations tend to focus on the team or group rather than the individual.

Accepted Answer

In Japan, the focus of performance evaluations is on the team or group rather than the individual. This is because Japanese culture values teamwork and collective effort over individual achievement. Therefore, evaluations are carried out to assess how well the team has worked together to achieve their goals rather than individual contributions.

Question 2

For punishment to be effective, it should be immediate, moderate, and directed at the undesired behavior, not the person.

Accepted Answer

Punishment that is immediate, moderate, and directed at the undesired behavior has been found to be more effective in changing behavior than punishment that is delayed, excessive, or directed at the person. This approach helps the person associate the punishment with the behavior and understand what they need to do differently in the future. Punishment that is too harsh or directed at the person can be counterproductive and lead to resistance or resentment.

Question 3

Area briefings are used to allow a trainee to act out situations he might face working in a foreign country.

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

What are the contingencies of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

Another term for operant conditioning is instrumental conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is also referred to as instrumental conditioning because the behavior of the organism operates or acts on the environment to produce a consequence. The consequence can be a reward or punishment, which in turn strengthens or weakens the behavior.

Question 6

Progressive discipline involves the use of holistic therapies and encounter groups to discourage unacceptable behavior on the job.

Accepted Answer

Progressive discipline refers to a formal process of corrective action that is taken when an employee engages in unacceptable behavior on the job. It typically involves a series of steps or levels, starting with verbal warnings and escalating to more serious consequences if the employee does not improve their behavior. The use of holistic therapies and encounter groups is not typically a part of this process.

Question 7

Due to standardizations in organizational performance evaluations, the appraisal process is generally an unbiased, rational procedure.

Accepted Answer

While standardization helps to ensure consistency in the appraisal process, it does not guarantee that the process will be unbiased. Biases can still arise from factors such as the rater's personal opinions or experiences, the rater's relationship with the employee, or the rater's own performance goals.

Question 8

People use stereotypes as mental shortcuts to help them organize their perceptions of others.

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes are generalizations about a group of people based on limited information, and they are often used as mental shortcuts to help individuals categorize and simplify complex social information. Instead of processing every individual separately, people rely on stereotypes to make judgments and decisions about others quickly and efficiently. However, stereotypes can also be inaccurate and unfairly applied to individuals who do not fit the stereotype, leading to prejudice and discrimination.

Question 9

For learning to take place there must be a relatively permanent change in behavior as a consequence of the corresponding experience.

Accepted Answer

This statement is widely accepted as a definition of learning. It emphasizes that learning is indicated by a change in behavior that is relatively permanent, meaning that it lasts beyond the immediate experience.

Question 10

Discuss operant conditioning as a learning theory.

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

What is Kelly's theory of causal attribution?

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Research shows that the performance appraisal process used to be subject to bias, but now due to diversity training and cultural awareness programs, almost all bias has been eliminated.

Accepted Answer

While diversity training and cultural awareness programs have helped to reduce bias in performance appraisals, research still shows that bias can persist in the process. It is important for organizations to continue to monitor and evaluate their performance appraisal systems to ensure fairness and equity.

Question 13

Participation in the learning process is important for learning both cognitive and motor skills.

Accepted Answer

When individuals actively engage in the learning process through activities such as practice and feedback, their cognitive and motor skills are enhanced. Passive learning, or simply observing, may not have the same effect on skill development. Therefore, participation is crucial for learning.

Question 14

Research has found that obese African American women tend to be paid less than their average-weight counterparts, due to prevalent negative stereotypes within the African American community.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that the wage penalty for obesity is not uniform across races and genders, and the impact of obesity on wages tends to be more pronounced in white and Hispanic women than in African American women. The disparities in pay due to obesity are more related to broader societal biases and discrimination rather than specific community stereotypes.

Question 15

For someone to learn through the observational learning process, they must not only pay attention to their role model but also remember and use what they learn because they want to.

Accepted Answer

This is the basic principle of observational learning. Attention, retention, and motivation to use what is learned are all essential for observational learning to occur.

Question 16

The least commonly used image management technique is that of personal stories, followed by entitlements.

Accepted Answer

The statement is incorrect. Personal stories and entitlements are not image management techniques but rather communication strategies used in different contexts. The least commonly used image management techniques include avoiding blame, providing excuses, and distancing oneself from negative events.

Question 17

Discuss the discipline process in organizations, offering the key principles to successful discipline.

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

Negative reinforcement and punishment are synonyms.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior, while punishment refers to the introduction of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior. These concepts are not synonyms.

Question 19

Perception has a number of inherent biases in it. Identify and explain them.

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

Apprenticeship programs combine classroom training and on-the-job training.

Accepted Answer

Apprenticeship programs are designed to provide a mix of classroom instruction and practical, hands-on training in a real-world work environment. This approach helps individuals develop the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in a particular trade, profession, or industry. Apprentices work alongside experienced professionals in their chosen field, learning from their example and getting feedback and guidance along the way. At the same time, they attend classes to learn the theoretical concepts and technical skills that underpin their work. This combination of classroom learning and on-the-job training is a key feature of apprenticeship programs and makes them a valuable option for career development.

Quiz 3: Perception and Learning: Understanding and Adapting to the Work Environment