Question 1

Describe some of the facets of sibling and peer relationships in early childhood.Describe how gender and birth order affect typical patterns of sibling interaction.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

According to the neo-Piagetians,self-definition shifts from a single representation to representational mappings.

Accepted Answer

According to the neo-Piagetians, self-definition shifts from a single representation (typical of Piaget's theory) to representational mappings, which involve the ability to relate multiple aspects of oneself to one another and to the social world.

Question 3

According to Erikson,the developmental conflict of early childhood is autonomy versus guilt/shame.

Accepted Answer

The developmental conflict of early childhood according to Erik Erikson is autonomy versus shame and doubt, not guilt/shame.

Question 4

Describe the development of self-concept in early childhood.In your explanation,include a description of single representations and representational mappings.

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Question 5

Self-esteem in early childhood tends to be global and unrealistic,reflecting adult approval.

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem in early childhood tends to be global and unrealistic, meaning that children generally have a positive view of themselves overall without much awareness of their specific strengths and weaknesses. This self-esteem is often influenced by adult approval and feedback. Therefore, it can be considered as a relatively unrealistic view of the child's abilities and worth.

Question 6

Explain the development of aggression in early childhood.Are there situations in which a child should be encouraged to be aggressive? Why or why not?

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Question 7

Describe Parten's research on the social development of play.Give examples of how this research can be used by teachers in the classroom.

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Question 8

There is little in the way of biological differences in the brains of males and females.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have identified significant biological differences between male and female brains in various aspects, including structure, function, and response to stimuli, although there is also considerable overlap and individual variation.

Question 9

Based on research discussed in your textbook,describe Baumrind's parenting styles.Discuss how parents' ways of resolving conflict with young children can contribute to the success of the authoritative child rearing.

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Question 10

The main gender difference in early childhood is boys' greater aggression and activity.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently found that boys tend to be more physically aggressive and active during early childhood compared to girls. However, it is important to note that gender differences are not absolute and there is a range of behavior within each gender.

Question 11

Research suggests that compared to those who are unpopular,well-liked preschoolers and kindergartners

Accepted Answer

Well-liked preschoolers and kindergartners tend to have better social skills and emotional regulation, which leads to them coping well with anger, attempting to minimize conflict, and avoiding insults and threats.

Question 12

Culture does not affect self-definition.

Accepted Answer

Culture plays a significant role in shaping an individual's self-definition, including their values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. Cultural norms, traditions, and customs can influence how an individual perceives themselves and how they interact with others. Additionally, cultural identities, such as race, ethnicity, religion, and nationality, can also impact an individual's self-definition.

Question 13

About _____ out of 4 preschoolers have mutual friendships.

Accepted Answer

About 3 out of 4 preschoolers have mutual friendships, indicating that a significant majority of young children are capable of forming reciprocal social connections.

Question 14

China's policy of limiting families to one child has facilitated several observations.Which of the following observations is correct?

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Question 15

Piaget and others identified increasing levels of cognitive complexity in play.List and describe the four levels of play,and give an example for each.

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Question 16

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development addresses personality conflicts that arise over the course of the lifespan.Identify Erikson's chief conflict of early childhood,and elaborate on its relevance to self-esteem.

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Question 17

Describe how children choose playmates,and explain why some children are more popular than others.

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Question 18

Gender stereotypes do not peak until adolescence.

Accepted Answer

Gender stereotypes can be observed in children as young as preschool age, indicating that they begin to form and influence behavior and perceptions well before adolescence.

Question 19

Define the term discipline.Compare various forms of discipline and identify factors that influence their effectiveness.

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Question 20

A relationship exists between gender identity and self-concept.Describe this relationship,and include the following terms in your description: gender roles,gender typing,gender stereotypes,and gender constancy.

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Quiz 11: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood