Question 1

Around 8 or 9 months,babies often show discomfort and wariness around individuals they do not see on a regular basis.This behavior is called

Accepted Answer

Stranger anxiety is the discomfort and wariness shown by infants around individuals whom they do not see on a regular basis, typically around 8 or 9 months of age. Separation anxiety occurs earlier in development when infants become distressed when separated from their primary caregiver. Disorganised attachment refers to a lack of predictable pattern in an infant's attachment behavior and can result from inconsistent caregiving. Imprinting is a rapid form of learning that occurs shortly after birth in some animals, in which the newborn becomes attached to the first moving object they see.

Question 2

Which of the following is a preferred way to measure attachment between a mother and a baby?

Accepted Answer

The reaction of the baby when the mother returns is the most preferred way to measure attachment between a mother and a baby according to Mary Ainsworth's strange situation experiment. This is because it assesses the baby's reaction when the mother returns after leaving the baby with a stranger in a new environment. The types of reactions observed help determine the attachment style of the baby towards the mother.

Question 3

A baby's reaction to a stranger is LEAST likely to be influenced by the baby's

Accepted Answer

A baby's reaction to a stranger is not likely to be influenced by the baby's gender, as it is not a factor that they would have developed a preference or memory for. Memory for faces, recollection of previous situations, and temperament are all factors that could influence a baby's reaction to a stranger.

Question 4

Marcella smiles and greets her mother when she returns from a shopping trip but then looks away fearfully.She also seems afraid much of the time.Marcella's attachment pattern suggests that she is

Accepted Answer

Marcella's fearfulness and avoidance suggest that she may have a disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern, which is often seen in children who have experienced trauma or inconsistent parenting.

Question 5

___________ attachment is the least secure pattern.

Accepted Answer

Disorganized-disoriented attachment is the least secure pattern because it is characterized by a lack of consistent behavior towards the caregiver, often involving fear, confusion, and disorientation. Children with this attachment pattern may show contradictory behaviors towards their caregivers such as seeking proximity and then resisting being held, or showing no interest in seeking comfort from their caregiver. This unpredictability can make it difficult for the caregiver to provide consistent support and can lead to long-term emotional and behavioral problems for the child.

Question 6

Which of the following has NOT been a criticism of the "Strange Situation" technique?

Accepted Answer

The "Strange Situation" technique is criticized for not providing a measure of mother-infant interaction in nonstressful situations but rather for how well mothers and infants function under stress, which contradicts choice B.

Question 7

According to Bowlby and Ainsworth,attachment forms primarily as a result of

Accepted Answer

According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, attachment forms primarily as a result of consistency of responsiveness by the mother. This means that when the mother responds consistently and sensitively to the infant's needs, the infant develops a secure attachment to the mother. Other factors such as the amount of time spent with the mother or the mother's socioeconomic status are not as important in the formation of attachment.

Question 8

When 1-year-old Tommy's grandmother comes to his house to take care of him while his parents go out,Tommy starts to fuss and cry as his mother gets ready to leave.Tommy is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

Tommy's fussing and crying as his mother prepares to leave is a typical behavior of separation anxiety, which is common in infants and toddlers who have developed a strong attachment to their primary caregiver (in this case, his mother).

Question 9

Daniel begins crying before his mother leaves during the "Strange Situation." When she returns,he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up.Daniel appears to be

Accepted Answer

Daniel's behavior indicates ambivalence, as he shows signs of seeking comfort from his mother (leaning toward her) but also resists by kicking and squirming when she picks him up, which is characteristic of an ambivalent attachment style.

Question 10

A 9-month-old infant who cries when her mother leaves is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety refers to the distress that young children experience when separated from their primary caregiver, often marked by crying, clinging, and extreme distress. This behavior is common in infants aged between 6 and 24 months and is a normal part of their cognitive and emotional development.

Question 11

A recent cross-cultural study of attachment in China,Colombia,Germany,Israel,Japan,Norway,and the United States found that

Accepted Answer

The study found that the tendency to use the mother as a secure base is universal across all seven cultures, although there may be some variation in how it is expressed.

Question 12

Sandra is going through a list of descriptive statements such as "likes to be held" and "cries a lot." She classifies the statements from most to least descriptive of her child.Sandra is completing the

Accepted Answer

The Attachment Q-set is a method used to assess attachment in children by sorting descriptive statements according to how well they match the child's behavior, which is what Sandra is doing.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes young infants' contribution to the mother-child attachment relationship?

Accepted Answer

In the early months of life, infants engage in a wide range of behaviors that are considered attachment behaviors, such as crying, smiling, reaching, cooing, and grasping. These behaviors elicit responses from adults, which can help to establish and strengthen the attachment relationship. Therefore, virtually any activity on the part of an infant that leads to a response from adults can be seen as a contribution to the attachment relationship.

Question 14

The Parkers have an 8-month-old infant,Tara,who cries when she first meets her mother's cousin.Tara is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Stranger anxiety is the fear or distress that infants may exhibit when approached or left by someone who is unfamiliar to them. This behavior typically develops around age 6 months and peaks at around 8 to 10 months, which matches Tara's age. It is a normal part of cognitive and social development.

Question 15

Which of the following research tools measures attachment by asking raters to sort descriptive words or phrases into categories ranging from most to least characteristic of the child?

Accepted Answer

The Attachment Q-set (AQS) measures attachment by asking raters to sort descriptive words or phrases into categories ranging from most to least characteristic of the child. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development measures cognitive and motor development, the Dyadic Quality Measure measures parent-child interaction, and the Preschool Assessment of Attachment measures attachment behaviors in children between 3 and 6 years old.

Question 16

According to attachment theory,

Accepted Answer

According to attachment theory, babies build a "working model" or internal working model based on their interactions with the primary caregiver, which shapes their expectations of relationships with others throughout their life. This model can be influenced and changed by later experiences, but early caregiving plays a significant role in its development. This attachment theory is also closely related to Erikson's concept of trust, as the establishment of trust during infancy is crucial for healthy attachment development.

Question 17

Infants who show wariness of unfamiliar people from about age 6 months to 1 year are

Accepted Answer

Infants who show wariness of unfamiliar people from about age 6 months to 1 year are exhibiting an example of stranger anxiety, which is a common developmental milestone during this age range. It does not necessarily indicate anxious attachment or basic mistrust, and is also distinct from using social referencing.

Question 18

Leah cries every time her mother leaves the house.Leah's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves is called

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety is when a child experiences distress when a familiar caregiver or their parent leaves. This is a common experience for children around 6-8 months of age and is a sign of their attachment to their caregiver.

Question 19

The more secure a child's attachment to a nurturing adult,the

Accepted Answer

When a child has a secure attachment to a nurturing adult, they feel safe and confident enough to explore their surroundings. This allows the child to learn and grow in a healthy way. Therefore, the child will be more engaged in exploring their surroundings.

Question 20

Securely attached infants,when studied between ages 3 and 5,tend to be _____ than insecurely attached infants.

Accepted Answer

Securely attached infants tend to have a positive and trusting relationship with their caregivers, which allows them to explore their environment and take risks. This leads to greater curiosity and exploration, compared to insecurely attached infants who may be more hesitant and unsure in their actions.

Quiz 8: Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years