Question 1

The binomial effect size display can be used to evaluate the __________ an observed result.
A) practical importance of
B) statistical significance of
C) statistical importance of
D) effect size associated with

Accepted Answer

The binomial effect size display is used to evaluate the practical importance of an observed result, helping to understand the real-world impact of statistical findings beyond just their statistical significance.

Question 2

Which effect size index is used with the 1 df chi-square?
A) Fisher z
B) point biserial r
C) Cohen's d
D) phi coefficient

Accepted Answer

Phi coefficient is the effect size index used with the 1 df chi-square.

Question 3

What is the expected frequency in the right-hand upper cell of the following table? $$\begin{array} { | c | c | } 
\hline 4\quad\quad\quad & 2 \quad\quad\quad\
\hline 6 \quad\quad\quad& 8\quad\quad\quad \
\hline
\end{array}$$
A) 4
B) 3
C) 7
D) 2

Accepted Answer

The expected frequency is calculated as (row total * column total) / grand total. For the right-hand upper cell: (6 * 2) / 20 = 3.

Question 4

A procedure for interpreting large tables of counts that involves computing additional chi-squares on portions of the overall table is referred to as
A) partitioning of tables.
B) standardizing the margins.
C) identifying unexpected cell values.
D) partitioning of effect sizes.

Accepted Answer

Partitioning of tables involves breaking down a large table of counts into smaller pieces, computing chi-squares on each piece, and examining the patterns of association within and between the pieces. This approach is useful for gaining a more detailed understanding of complex relationships within the table. Standardizing the margins refers to adjusting the table to account for differences in population sizes or other factors that might affect the distribution of counts. Identifying unexpected cell values is an important part of data cleaning and exploration, but it is not a procedure for interpreting large tables of counts. Partitioning of effect sizes refers to partitioning variance in a statistical model to examine the relative contributions of different factors to the observed outcomes.

Question 5

How are the chi-square and the phi coefficient related?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How are the chi-square and the phi...

Question 6

Stacy is interested in determining whether there is a relation between one's year in school (i.e., freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior) and whether one is participating in on-campus activities. Which statistical test should Stacy use?
A) Independent t test
B) Chi-square
C) F test
D) Correlated t test

Accepted Answer

A chi-square test is appropriate for analyzing the relationship between categorical variables, such as year in school and participation in on-campus activities. The other tests listed are more appropriate for analyzing differences between groups or comparing means.

Question 7

Linda wants to know whether there are equal numbers of men and women in the different majors at her college. Which statistic should Linda use to answer this question? A) r B) χ² C) t D) F

Accepted Answer

Linda should use the chi-square (χ²) test for independence to determine if there is a significant relationship between gender (men and women) and majors at her college, which is a categorical variable comparison.

Question 8

While trying to interpret a 3 $\times$ 4 table of counts that yielded a significant chi-square value, Mark examines how much each individual cell entry contributed to the overall chi-square value. Mark is looking for __________ values under the premise that such values would be unexpected.
A) close to zero
B) small
C) equivalent
D) large

Accepted Answer

Mark is looking for large values because they would indicate significant differences between the expected and observed cell counts. Unexpectedly large values in the chi-square test suggest that the null hypothesis (i.e. there is no significant difference between the observed and expected cell counts) is not supported. Therefore, Mark is searching for large values that contribute to the overall chi-square value.

Question 9

The obtained chi-square value must be __________ the degrees of freedom before one can begin to doubt the null hypothesis.
A) smaller than
B) equal to
C) larger than
D) divided by

Accepted Answer

The obtained chi-square value must be larger than the degrees of freedom before one can begin to doubt the null hypothesis. This is because a larger chi-square value indicates a greater discrepancy between the observed and expected frequencies under the null hypothesis, suggesting that the observed data may not fit the expected distribution well.

Question 10

One useful tool for evaluating the practical importance of an observed result is the
A) statistical significance test.
B) statistical power analysis.
C) binomial effect size display.
D) Type I vs. Type II ratio.

Accepted Answer

The binomial effect size display (BESD) is a useful tool for evaluating the practical importance of an observed result because it helps in understanding the magnitude of an effect in a more intuitive way, by showing the difference in outcomes between two groups in a binary context. This contrasts with statistical significance tests, which only tell us if an effect is likely not due to chance, and statistical power analysis or considerations of Type I vs. Type II errors, which are more about the design of a study and its ability to detect effects or avoid false positives/negatives.

Question 11

What procedures could one use to interpret larger tables of counts that produced statistically significant chi-square values? How do these procedures help in the interpretation of the table of counts?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What procedures could one use to interpret...

Question 12

What does a significant chi-square with more than 1 df indicate? What does it not indicate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does a significant chi-square with more...

Question 13

Under what conditions would one use a chi-square rather than a t or F test to test the null hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Under what conditions would one use a...

Question 14

John finds a significant chi-square value with 2 df. What should he do next?
A) Calculate the effect size.
B) Assess the effective power of the study.
C) Use a procedure for interpreting large tables of counts.
D) Determine the exact p-value associated with the chi-square value.

Accepted Answer

The answer of John finds a significant chi-square value with...

Question 15

The number of degrees of freedom associated with a chi-square based on a 2 × 3 table of counts is
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 6.
D) Unable to determine without knowing N.

Accepted Answer

The degrees of freedom for a chi-square test based on a contingency table are calculated as (number of rows - 1) * (number of columns - 1). For a 2 × 3 table, this calculation is (2-1) * (3-1) = 1 * 2 = 2.

Question 16

Chi-square assesses the discrepancy between the observed frequencies and the __________ frequencies in a table of counts.
A) ideal
B) exact
C) expected
D) desired

Accepted Answer

Chi-square test compares the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies that are obtained from a null hypothesis. Hence, the correct option is expected frequencies (C). Ideal (A), exact (B), and desired (D) are not appropriate terms to use in this context.

Question 17

If one wanted to determine immediately whether an observed relation has occurred by chance or not, one could use all of the following statistics EXCEPT for A) F B) r C) χ² D) t

Accepted Answer

The correlation coefficient (r) measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables, but it does not directly test for statistical significance or determine if the relationship occurred by chance.

Question 18

Which of the following statistics is useful as a significance test for examining tables of counts? A) r B) t C) χ² D) F

Accepted Answer

The χ² statistic (also known as the chi-squared statistic) is commonly used as a significance test for examining tables of counts. It measures the difference between the observed counts in the table and the expected counts, under the assumption that there is no association between the variables. The higher the chi-squared value, the less likely it is that the observed counts are due to chance alone, and the more evidence there is for an association between the variables.

Question 19

How does chi-square test the relation between two variables in a table of counts?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does chi-square test the relation between...

Question 20

The procedure in which one tries to set all the row totals equal to each other and all the column totals equal to each other in order to interpret a statistically significant chi-square with more than 1 df is called
A) partitioning of the tables.
B) identification of unexpected cell frequencies.
C) standardizing the margins.
D) equalization of the cell frequencies.

Accepted Answer

The procedure described is called standardizing the margins. This involves adjusting the cell frequencies in a contingency table to make the row and column totals equal, which allows for easier interpretation of a statistically significant chi-square with more than 1 degree of freedom. Options A and B are not accurate descriptions of this procedure, and option D does not accurately reflect the goal of making the row and column totals equal.

Quiz 15: The Analysis of Frequency Tables

The binomial effect size display can be used to evaluate the __________ an observed result.

Which effect size index is used with the 1 df chi-square?

What is the expected frequency in the right-hand upper cell of the following table? $\begin{array} { | c | c | } \hline 4\quad\quad\quad & 2 \quad\quad\quad\\\hline 6 \quad\quad\quad& 8\quad\quad\quad \\\hline\end{array}$

A procedure for interpreting large tables of counts that involves computing additional chi-squares on portions of the overall table is referred to as

How are the chi-square and the phi coefficient related?

Stacy is interested in determining whether there is a relation between one's year in school (i.e., freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior) and whether one is participating in on-campus activities. Which statistical test should Stacy use?

Linda wants to know whether there are equal numbers of men and women in the different majors at her college. Which statistic should Linda use to answer this question?

While trying to interpret a 3 $\times$ 4 table of counts that yielded a significant chi-square value, Mark examines how much each individual cell entry contributed to the overall chi-square value. Mark is looking for __________ values under the premise that such values would be unexpected.

The obtained chi-square value must be __________ the degrees of freedom before one can begin to doubt the null hypothesis.

One useful tool for evaluating the practical importance of an observed result is the

What procedures could one use to interpret larger tables of counts that produced statistically significant chi-square values? How do these procedures help in the interpretation of the table of counts?

What does a significant chi-square with more than 1 df indicate? What does it not indicate?

Under what conditions would one use a chi-square rather than a t or F test to test the null hypothesis?

John finds a significant chi-square value with 2 df. What should he do next?

The number of degrees of freedom associated with a chi-square based on a 2 × 3 table of counts is

Chi-square assesses the discrepancy between the observed frequencies and the __________ frequencies in a table of counts.

If one wanted to determine immediately whether an observed relation has occurred by chance or not, one could use all of the following statistics EXCEPT for

Which of the following statistics is useful as a significance test for examining tables of counts?

How does chi-square test the relation between two variables in a table of counts?

The procedure in which one tries to set all the row totals equal to each other and all the column totals equal to each other in order to interpret a statistically significant chi-square with more than 1 df is called

Quiz 15: The Analysis of Frequency Tables

The binomial effect size display can be used to evaluate the __________ an observed result.

Which effect size index is used with the 1 df chi-square?

What is the expected frequency in the right-hand upper cell of the following table? 4268\begin{array} { | c | c | } \hline 4\quad\quad\quad & 2 \quad\quad\quad\\\hline 6 \quad\quad\quad& 8\quad\quad\quad \\\hline\end{array}46​28​​

A procedure for interpreting large tables of counts that involves computing additional chi-squares on portions of the overall table is referred to as

How are the chi-square and the phi coefficient related?

Stacy is interested in determining whether there is a relation between one's year in school (i.e., freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior) and whether one is participating in on-campus activities. Which statistical test should Stacy use?

Linda wants to know whether there are equal numbers of men and women in the different majors at her college. Which statistic should Linda use to answer this question?

While trying to interpret a 3 ×\times× 4 table of counts that yielded a significant chi-square value, Mark examines how much each individual cell entry contributed to the overall chi-square value. Mark is looking for __________ values under the premise that such values would be unexpected.

The obtained chi-square value must be __________ the degrees of freedom before one can begin to doubt the null hypothesis.

One useful tool for evaluating the practical importance of an observed result is the

What procedures could one use to interpret larger tables of counts that produced statistically significant chi-square values? How do these procedures help in the interpretation of the table of counts?

What does a significant chi-square with more than 1 df indicate? What does it not indicate?

Under what conditions would one use a chi-square rather than a t or F test to test the null hypothesis?

John finds a significant chi-square value with 2 df. What should he do next?

The number of degrees of freedom associated with a chi-square based on a 2 × 3 table of counts is

Chi-square assesses the discrepancy between the observed frequencies and the __________ frequencies in a table of counts.

If one wanted to determine immediately whether an observed relation has occurred by chance or not, one could use all of the following statistics EXCEPT for

Which of the following statistics is useful as a significance test for examining tables of counts?

How does chi-square test the relation between two variables in a table of counts?

The procedure in which one tries to set all the row totals equal to each other and all the column totals equal to each other in order to interpret a statistically significant chi-square with more than 1 df is called

What is the expected frequency in the right-hand upper cell of the following table? $\begin{array} { | c | c | } \hline 4\quad\quad\quad & 2 \quad\quad\quad\\\hline 6 \quad\quad\quad& 8\quad\quad\quad \\\hline\end{array}$

While trying to interpret a 3 $\times$ 4 table of counts that yielded a significant chi-square value, Mark examines how much each individual cell entry contributed to the overall chi-square value. Mark is looking for __________ values under the premise that such values would be unexpected.