Question 1

The thinking involved in Piaget's stage of formal operations involves which type of ability?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's stage of formal operations involves the ability to use abstract symbols and logic, which includes hypothetical-deductive reasoning, propositional thought, and systematic planning.

Question 2

As shown in research on decision-making, one advantage that older problem-solvers seems to possess involves their greater ability to make the most out of:

Accepted Answer

The research suggests that older problem-solvers have an advantage in making the most out of information from prior experience.

Question 3

Bilingual adults benefit because the task-switching required by monitoring two languages strengthens their:

Accepted Answer

Bilingual adults need to regularly switch between languages, voluntarily controlling the use of one language and inhibiting interference from the other. This enhances their executive function, which involves attentional control, working memory, and inhibitory control. The ability to switch between languages, suppressing one while activating the other, requires cognitive flexibility and enhances their executive functioning. This increased cognitive control extends beyond language processing and can enhance problem-solving in everyday activities.

Question 4

In research on the attraction effect in problem solving, the findings suggest that older adult consumers are less likely to be influenced by:

Accepted Answer

The attraction effect in problem solving refers to the tendency for consumers to prefer an option that is inferior to another option when the inferior option is presented alongside a more inferior option. This effect is particularly strong among older adults, who are less likely to be influenced by extraneous factors when making decisions. This means that older adults are less likely to be swayed by the presence of an attractive but irrelevant option when evaluating different products or services. Therefore, option C, extraneous factors, is the correct choice.

Question 5

In a longitudinal study of cognitive functioning among bilingual and monolingual patients with MCI and AD at the Sam and Ida Ross Memory Clinic in Toronto, Bialystak-Stak and colleagues found: :

Accepted Answer

The study found that bilingual patients with MCI and AD had a delayed symptom onset of six years compared to monolingual patients, indicating that bilingualism has a protective effect on cognitive functioning. The other options are not supported by the study findings.

Question 6

In the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence, length estimation would be considered a measure of:

Accepted Answer

Length estimation involves visual processing, specifically the ability to perceive and compare visual stimuli. This falls under the visual processing factor of the CHC model.

Question 7

The idea that intelligence tests such as the WAIS-IV show a peak in overall IQ in early adulthood is called the ____________ pattern.

Accepted Answer

The classic aging pattern refers to the idea that intelligence tests such as the WAIS-IV show a peak in overall IQ in early adulthood, followed by a gradual decline as individuals age.

Question 8

Problems in everyday life that are the easiest to solve for older adults are those that:

Accepted Answer

Older adults tend to be better at solving problems that have clear and specific goals, as it allows them to focus their attention and apply their knowledge and experience to finding a solution. Problems that are vague or ambiguous can be more challenging for older adults, as they may struggle to understand the nature of the problem and come up with an effective solution. Unusual or novel strategies may also be more challenging, as older adults may be more set in their ways and less willing to try new approaches. Vocabulary skills may also be a challenge for some older adults, particularly those who are experiencing cognitive decline or have limited education or language skills.

Question 9

An analysis of cohort effects in the SLS by Gerstorf and colleagues (2011) showed that later-born cohorts had higher scores than earlier-born cohorts on almost all measures, suggesting the effect of:

Accepted Answer

Exposure to technology has been shown to have a positive effect on cognitive abilities, and later-born cohorts have had more exposure to technology than earlier-born cohorts.

Question 10

A technical repairperson is trying to determine the cause of a recent outage. The first step in the problem-solving is needed to repair the damage is for the repairperson to:

Accepted Answer

Assessing the situation by evaluating all relevant factors is the best first step in problem-solving. This allows the repairperson to gather information and make an informed decision on the most likely cause of the outage, rather than randomly trying solutions or using trial-and-error.

Question 11

In the CHC model of intelligence, the third level is considered to be:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the CHC model of intelligence, the...

Question 12

Older bilingual speakers show performance deficits on which measure of executive functioning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Older bilingual speakers show performance deficits on...

Question 13

The measure of intelligence on which the SLS findings are based is the:

Accepted Answer

The SLS (Seattle Longitudinal Study) findings are based on the Primary Mental Abilities Test (PMAT), which assesses various cognitive abilities.

Question 14

While playing "Words with Friends" with her 72-year-old grandmother, Frieda Lay is shocked to find that she is losing badly because her grandmother just seems to know so many more words. Frieda's grandmother is illustrating the fact that:

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence involves accumulated knowledge and skills and tends to increase throughout adulthood, with older individuals having more extensive vocabularies and general knowledge. Frieda's grandmother's superior performance in "Words with Friends" is likely due to her accumulated knowledge and experience. Other choices are not supported by the given information.

Question 15

In comparison with younger adults, older adults show advanced performance on tasks that involve:

Accepted Answer

Older adults often show advanced performance on tasks that involve heuristics, which are mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that simplify decision making. This is because they have a wealth of experience to draw from, allowing them to use these shortcuts more effectively than younger adults.

Question 16

Instruction manuals that use terms that are ________ are particularly challenging for older adults.

Accepted Answer

Older adults often have difficulty with memory and processing information, so using vague terms in an instruction manual can increase confusion and frustration. Specific and well-defined terms can be easier to understand, while concrete language may not be necessary in all cases.

Question 17

The term dialectical thinking applies most closely to which concept based on Piaget's theory?

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory, dialectical thinking is a key aspect of post-formal operations, which is the final stage of cognitive development. Dialectical thinking involves recognizing and reconciling contradictions and inconsistencies in one's thinking, which is a key component of post-formal operations. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 18

Older adults subjected to the process called _____________ are likely to view themselves as unable to carry out activities for themselves.

Accepted Answer

Infantilization is the process of treating an individual as if they were a child or infant, often by patronizing or talking down to them. This can lead older adults to see themselves as incapable of carrying out activities for themselves. The other answer choices - dialectics, testing the limits, and pragmatization - do not necessarily pertain to this specific outcome for older adults.

Question 19

In solving everyday problems, older adults typically show which pattern of performance compared to younger adults?

Accepted Answer

Older adults often have more experience and wisdom in dealing with interpersonal issues, which can lead to higher scores on problems of an interpersonal nature compared to younger adults. This advantage is attributed to their lifetime of social interactions and experiences.

Question 20

In a survey of Canadian adults aged 55 and older in Manitoba, Sloane-Seale and Kopps (2010) found that the majority who participated in educational courses over the past two years did so for::

Accepted Answer

According to the survey conducted by Sloane-Seale and Kopps (2010), the majority of the Canadian adults aged 55 and older in Manitoba who participated in educational courses over the past two years did so for personal interest. Therefore, option C is the best choice. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the findings of the study.

Quiz 7: Language, Problem-Solving, and Intelligence