Question 1

People who lived during the Great Depression would not have imagined such an annual event as Earth Day. They could not afford the kind of lives that allow for the __________ that developed after World War II.

Accepted Answer

The Great Depression was a time of economic hardship, and people were focused on survival rather than postmaterial values and beliefs, which include concerns like environmental consciousness that became more prominent after World War II.

Question 2

Movements and revolutions have many goals to balance in their tactics. What name did the sociologist Charles Tilly give to the limitations (and resources) that leaders face in regard to this complexity?

Accepted Answer

The term used by Charles Tilly to describe the limitations and resources that leaders face in balancing the many goals of movements and revolutions is "the repertoire of contention". It refers to the tactics and strategies that are available to leaders in their efforts to achieve their goals while also managing the complexity and challenges of the situation.

Question 3

Why is the chess analogy-describing the tactical choices of those involved in a movement-useful in understanding how a social movement operates?

Accepted Answer

The chess analogy is useful in understanding how a social movement operates because it suggests interaction between different tactical choices, where one move can prompt a countermove. This parallels the way that social movements often involve strategic maneuvering and counter-maneuvering among different groups with different goals and interests.

Question 4

Why are sociologists today less likely to utilize the value judgments of "success" and "failure" when assessing a movement's effect on society?

Accepted Answer

Sociologists recognize that movements can have unintended consequences beyond traditional notions of success and failure. The term "outcome" allows for a more comprehensive assessment of a movement's impact on society.

Question 5

When vegans carry signs that read "meat is murder" or when antiabortion marchers hand out literature illustrated with gruesome photographs, they are engaged in __________ to attract new members and like-minded sympathizers.

Accepted Answer

These actions are examples of "moral shock," which is a tactic used to evoke an emotional response or a sense of outrage from the public, with the aim of attracting new members and sympathizers to a cause by highlighting the moral implications of an issue.

Question 6

Depending on the business and activities of their opponents-a business, the military, and so on-protesters try to change __________ through persuasion, intimidation, and imposing costs (financial or otherwise) upon them.

Accepted Answer

Protesters aim to change the behavior of their opponents, such as a business or the military, through various means including persuasion, intimidation, and imposing costs. The aim is to get the opponents to act in a way that aligns with the protesters' goals and demands. Therefore, option A is the best choice. Options B, C, and D are not as relevant in this context as they do not directly relate to the actions of opponents.

Question 7

Which of the following do you think would be a means of legal repression that affects the development of unions in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Laws and policies that favor employers over workers, such as "right-to-work" laws and anti-union campaigns, have been used as a means of legal repression to hinder the development of unions in the United States. These measures make it more difficult for workers to organize and collectively bargain for better working conditions and wages.

Question 8

According to McAdam (1982), a movement that inspires __________ can achieve what is called "cognitive liberation."

Accepted Answer

McAdam (1982) suggests that a movement that instills a sense of optimism and efficacy in individuals can achieve what is called "cognitive liberation." This refers to a shift in an individual's consciousness that allows them to see their own potential power and agency in effecting change.

Question 9

According to the great community organizer Saul Alinsky, which of the following tactics is an effective one for a movement leader to utilize?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the great community organizer Saul...

Question 10

Although a local pacifist movement has been successful in gaining acknowledgment as a bona fide representative of its ideology, members have yet to see any of their proposed policy or legislative initiatives enacted. In measuring what this movement has and has not achieved, analysts would likely focus on the movement's failure to attain __________ in characterizing its lack of success.

Accepted Answer

The movement's lack of success in seeing proposed policy or legislative initiatives enacted suggests a failure to gain new advantages in the political or legislative arena, despite achieving acknowledgment as a representative of its ideology.

Question 11

Which of the following conditions is most conducive to recruiting supporters?

Accepted Answer

Knowing someone already in the movement can provide a personal connection and sense of belonging, which can make someone more likely to join and support the movement.

Question 12

For a movement that has suffered setbacks because of its historical successes, __________ is a perfect example.

Accepted Answer

The U.S. labor movement achieved significant victories in the past, such as the establishment of the weekend and the eight-hour workday. However, this led to a decline in union membership and power over time, as many workers no longer saw the need for collective bargaining and protections. Therefore, the success of the past has resulted in setbacks in the present.

Question 13

Because many social movements encounter official and unofficial opposition, __________ are what some theorists describe as places relatively free from surveillance where oppositional ideas and tactics can develop and spread.

Accepted Answer

"Free spaces" are described as places relatively free from surveillance where oppositional ideas and tactics can develop and spread, making it the best choice. While safe houses or even church basements may provide some level of physical safety, there is still a risk of surveillance and monitoring by authorities. Open spaces may also be subject to surveillance and control by those in power.

Question 14

The first to do so effectively, the Arab Spring and the Occupy Wall Street movements used __________ to recruit and mobilize protests.

Accepted Answer

The Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street movements relied heavily on social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook to spread their message, organize protests, and recruit new members. These platforms allowed for the rapid dissemination of information and the creation of online communities that facilitated offline action.

Question 15

According to Gamson, who was largely responsible for "queer activism"?

Accepted Answer

Gamson attributes "queer activism" largely to bisexual and transgendered people, who played a significant role in challenging traditional norms and advocating for broader inclusivity within the LGBTQ+ movement.

Question 16

Which of the following organizations do sociologists recognize as having become institutionalized?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following organizations do sociologists...

Question 17

One way to undermine the credibility of an opponent is __________.

Accepted Answer

Using the media is a powerful tool to undermine someone's credibility, as it can reach a large audience and shape public opinion. Press releases, faxes, Twitter, and television can all be effective platforms to spread negative information about an opponent and undermine their reputation. The other options listed do little to discredit an opponent's credibility and are not as impactful.

Question 18

The reason that the leadership of revolutionary movements utilize violence and people willing to "kill" for the movement (e.g., the 9/11 hijackers) is predicated on __________.

Accepted Answer

The use of violence in revolutionary movements is often seen as a rational response to state violence and oppression. The oppressed group may see no other way to achieve their goals than to use force and violence, and may rally people to their cause who are willing to "kill" for the movement. This is not necessarily an endorsement of the use of violence, but an acknowledgement that it is often a response to a history of violence and oppression.

Question 19

Researchers suggest that nonviolent movements may be twice as likely to succeed as violent ones, even against repressive regimes. What is their reason?

Accepted Answer

Nonviolent movements tend to attract larger numbers of ordinary people who may not be willing to engage in violent resistance. With more people involved, the movement is more likely to be seen as legitimate and gain broader public support, making it more difficult for the regime to justify repression. This ultimately improves the chances of the movement succeeding.

Question 20

A __________ is special term that describes a person's belief that he or she belongs to a certain group with distinctive characteristics and interests, such as a pro-choice group, the Tea Party, the working class, etc.

Accepted Answer

Collective identity is the term that best fits the description of a person's belief in belonging to a group with unique characteristics and interests. Marginalization complex refers to a feeling of being excluded from society, while a frame is a way of organizing information. Group consciousness is similar to collective identity but has a narrower focus on social and political issues.

Quiz 18: Social Movements and Revolutions