Question 1

Theories can do all the following EXCEPT _____.

Accepted Answer

While theories can inform possible solutions to developmental problems, they cannot inherently solve them. Solutions to developmental problems often require a combination of theoretical and practical approaches.

Question 2

Each stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of development is characterized by a conflict associated with different parts of the body. According to Freud, how people experience and resolve each conflict influences personality _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, early experiences provide the foundation of adult behavior, and how people resolve each psychosexual conflict at every stage of development influences personality throughout life.

Question 3

Psychoanalytic theory originated with _____.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory originated with Sigmund Freud.

Question 4

_____ emphasizes unconscious drives and early experiences with respect to development, whereas _____ emphasizes learning by understanding how a person thinks.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious drives and early experiences, while cognitive theory emphasizes learning by understanding how a person thinks.

Question 5

_____ emphasizes unconscious drives and early experiences with respect to development, whereas _____ emphasizes learning by association, reinforcement, or observation with respect to development.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of unconscious drives and early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior. On the other hand, behaviorism, founded by John Watson and B.F. Skinner, emphasizes the role of learning by association, reinforcement, or observation in shaping behavior. Therefore, the correct choice is A, which matches psychoanalytic theory with unconscious drives and early experiences, and behaviorism with learning by association, reinforcement, or observation.

Question 6

Psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, and cognitive theory are considered "grand" because they are _____.

Accepted Answer

Grand theories are characterized by their comprehensive nature, endurance over time, and wide application to different fields. However, they are not necessarily universally correct or unchallenged, as new research and theories may emerge that challenge or refine these perspectives. Therefore, option A is the best choice since it accurately describes the characteristics of grand theories without being exaggerated or inaccurate.

Question 7

Freud argued that the goal of a healthy life is to _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the goal of a healthy life is to have a balance between love and work. Love refers to fulfilling our emotional needs through love, relationships, and companionship, while work refers to fulfilling our external needs through work, career, and productivity. Freud believed that finding this balance is essential for achieving psychic health and overall well-being.

Question 8

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, the _____ stage centers around breastfeeding and weaning.

Accepted Answer

The oral stage of Freud's psychosexual theory focuses on the mouth as the primary erogenous zone, and centers around the experience of breastfeeding and weaning during infancy. This stage is believed to have a significant impact on a person's later personality development and behaviors.

Question 9

In the United States, the legal age for drinking alcohol is 21 years. Thus, age 21 represents a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

Age 21 is considered a norm because it is a social expectation or rule that is widely accepted and followed in the US. It has been established through laws and regulations, and failure to comply can result in legal consequences.

Question 10

The term norm communicates _____.

Accepted Answer

Norms refer to common behaviors that are expected or typical within a society or group, often resulting from social or biological pressures.

Question 11

In the first half of the twentieth century, which two opposing theories dominated the discipline of psychology?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences, and behaviorism, which focuses on observable behavior and the influence of the environment, were the two dominant theories in psychology during the first half of the twentieth century.

Question 12

In class, Sam learned that some theorists link happiness to productivity. From this, he developed the idea that happy employees in a factory will produce more products per hour. In this example, Sam's theory led him to _____.

Accepted Answer

Sam's idea is a hypothesis, which is a proposed explanation or prediction that can be tested through research and analysis.

Question 13

A _____ is an average or usual event or experience.

Accepted Answer

A norm is a standard or usual event or situation. The other options, theory, hypothesis, and median, do not relate to the concept of an average or usual event or experience.

Question 14

Lilly's 12-year-old son used to get out of bed easily and early on school days, but lately he has been hard to wake. While reading a parenting book, Lilly came across the theory of "delayed phase of preference," which states that sleep patterns shift when young people start to go through puberty. In this example, a theory helped Lilly _____.

Accepted Answer

The theory of "delayed phase of preference" provided practical guidance to Lilly by explaining a possible reason for her son's change in sleep pattern.

Question 15

A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change over time is called a "_____."

Accepted Answer

A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change over time is a developmental theory. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a phenomenon or observation that can be tested through research. A conclusion is a final decision or judgment based on evidence or reasoning. A stage refers to a distinct period of development characterized by specific behaviors and abilities.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about norms is correct?

Accepted Answer

Norms can be either prescriptive (expected behavior) or descriptive (usual practice). Therefore, sometimes a norm can represent an expected behavior even if it is not the usual practice. The other statements are incorrect - norms do not solely highlight deficits in development, and the terms "theories" and "facts" have distinct meanings from "norms."

Question 17

Which is the correct order of the stages of Freud's psychosexual theory, beginning with infancy and ending with adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychosexual theory begins with the oral stage, followed by the anal stage, then the phallic stage, the latency stage, and finally the genital stage. Option C presents the correct order of the stages.

Question 18

_____ is a theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background.

Accepted Answer

The theory described emphasizes the potential for good in all humans and the belief in universal basic needs, which are key tenets of humanism. Behaviorism, information processing, and ecology do not focus on these ideas.

Question 19

Hannah theorized that sleep helps people behave in safer ways. She tested her theory by conducting an experiment. She manipulated the amount of sleep participants got and then tested their driving ability. Hannah learned that participants who got more sleep were safer drivers. In this example, Hannah's theory led her to _____.

Accepted Answer

Hannah's theory led her to generate a discovery, as she found evidence supporting her hypothesis that sleep helps people behave in safer ways.

Question 20

The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is _____.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory is based on the idea that behavior is influenced by unconscious needs, impulses, and desires. This theory suggests that our experiences from childhood shape our personality and impact our behavior as adults. It emphasizes the importance of exploring unconscious conflicts and motivations to gain insight into behavior.

Quiz 2: Theories of Development