Tolman demonstrated that learning may take place in the absence of reinforcement or other consequences-a phenomenon he called latent learning.

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Tolman's research showed that rats could learn the layout of a maze even if they did not receive any reward or reinforcement for finding the correct path. This type of learning was considered "latent" because it was not immediately expressed or demonstrated, but could be observed later when reinforcements were introduced.

Tolman Demonstrated That Learning May Take Place in the Absence