Question 1

When she participated in a sleep experiment, Yvette lived in an isolation unit for one month without any external time cues. It is very probable that her internal body clock drifted to the natural or intrinsic rhythm of approximately:

Accepted Answer

The internal body clock of a human being naturally operates on a cycle that is slightly longer than 24 hours. Research shows that the intrinsic period of the human circadian rhythm is between 24.18 and 24.25 hours. Therefore, it is most likely that Yvette's internal body clock drifted to a natural rhythm of approximately 24.2 hours during her one-month isolation period.

Question 2

As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is generating _____ brain waves.

Accepted Answer

Beta brain waves are associated with wakefulness, alertness, and concentration. Alpha brain waves are associated with relaxation and meditation. Theta brain waves are associated with drowsiness and the early stages of sleep. Delta brain waves are associated with deep sleep. Since the question states that the reader is awake and alert, the answer must be beta brain waves.

Question 3

Hypnagogic hallucinations are:

Accepted Answer

Hypnagogic hallucinations are relatively common and are experienced by most people at some point in their lives. They are a type of sensory experience (visual, auditory, or tactile) that occurs during the transition from wakefulness to sleep, or vice versa.

Question 4

REM sleep is also called:

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is also called active sleep because it is a period of the sleep cycle where the brain is most active, even though the body is paralyzed. NREM sleep (choice B) is a stage of sleep that is characterized by slower brainwave activity and less bodily movement. Quiet sleep (choice C) is not a specific term used to describe a stage of sleep. Hypnagogic sleep (choice D) refers to the transitional state between wakefulness and sleep, and is not used to describe REM sleep.

Question 5

During the 1920s, German psychiatrist Hans Berger advanced the scientific study of sleep when he:

Accepted Answer

Hans Berger invented the electroencephalograph (EEG), which is a device that can measure electrical activity in the brain. This allowed for the scientific study of brain waves during sleep, which advanced our understanding of the different stages of sleep and their associated physiological processes.

Question 6

The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph. It measures electrical activity of the brain and can reveal information about brain function and diagnose neurological conditions. The other options (B, C, and D) are unrelated to EEG.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes a myoclonic jerk?

Accepted Answer

A myoclonic jerk is an involuntary muscle spasm that can occur when a person is falling asleep, which jolts them awake. This is also known as a hypnic jerk.

Question 8

Shortly after going to bed, as you are falling asleep, you experience the vividly realistic sensation that you are falling or tripping forward, which jolts you awake. This vivid sensation is a common example of:

Accepted Answer

This vivid sensation is a common example of a hypnagogic hallucination, which occurs during the transition between wakefulness and sleep. It often involves sensory experiences such as falling or hearing a loud noise, and can be quite vivid and realistic.

Question 9

REM is an acronym that stands for:

Accepted Answer

REM is an abbreviation for "rapid eye movements," which is a stage of sleep that is characterized by quick movements of the eyes. This stage of sleep is associated with vivid dreaming and is typically one of the final stages of the sleep cycle.

Question 10

Paradoxical sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Paradoxical sleep is another term for REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, which is a type of sleep associated with active dreaming and physiological changes. Quiet sleep, on the other hand, refers to NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep, which is a deeper, more restful state of sleep characterized by slower brain waves, reduced muscle activity, and limited dreaming. Thus, the best choice is A, which directly contrasts paradoxical/REM sleep with quiet/NREM sleep.

Question 11

REM sleep is also called:

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is also known as paradoxical sleep, because it is characterized by brain activity that appears similar to waking states, while the body is mostly immobilized. NREM sleep refers to non-REM sleep stages, which do not involve this level of brain activity. Quiet sleep and hypnagogic sleep are not specific terms used to describe the stages of sleep.

Question 12

Dr. Repetti is a sleep researcher who wishes to record the rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain. He is most likely to use which of the following methods?

Accepted Answer

Recording brain waves on an electroencephalograph is the method commonly used for measuring the rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain.

Question 13

This image depicts the sleep cycles over the course of a typical night. In which stage are hypnagogic hallucinations most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Hypnagogic hallucinations are most likely to occur during stage 1 NREM sleep, which is a transition period between wakefulness and sleep. During this stage, people may experience vivid sensory experiences such as seeing flashes of light or hearing voices, which are known as hypnagogic hallucinations.

Question 14

Sleeping by herself, LaShawn was gently drifting off to sleep when she was jolted awake by the vivid sensation that someone had just touched her arm. After sitting up and reassuring herself that no one was in the room, she lay back down and tried to put the experience out of her mind. LaShawn experienced _____, which is most likely to occur _____.

Accepted Answer

LaShawn experienced a hypnagogic hallucination, which is a vivid sensory experience that occurs as a person is falling asleep. This type of hallucination often involves the sensation of being touched or hearing voices or sounds.

Question 15

Circadian rhythms that are drastically out of synchronization with daylight and darkness cues can produce:

Accepted Answer

Circadian rhythms that are drastically out of synchronization with daylight and darkness cues can produce jet lag. Jet lag occurs when a person travels across multiple time zones, disrupting their circadian rhythms and causing symptoms such as fatigue, difficulty sleeping, and irritability.

Question 16

How is melatonin involved in jet lag?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles in the body. When a person travels across multiple time zones, their melatonin circadian rhythm becomes out of sync with the environmental time cues, resulting in jet lag. This is because the body is not producing melatonin at the appropriate times, leading to disrupted sleep patterns and other symptoms of jet lag. The amount of melatonin produced by the body is not affected by the air quality or sunlight intensity on commercial aircraft.

Question 17

As you are lying in bed, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. During this short, transitional stage of sleep, you disengage from the routine sounds in your environment. This sleep stage is called:

Accepted Answer

The description of disengaging from routine sounds in the environment and transitioning into sleep is characteristic of stage 1 NREM sleep. REM sleep is the stage of sleep in which we experience vivid dreams, and paradoxical sleep is another term for REM sleep. Stage 2 NREM sleep is characterized by the presence of sleep spindles and K-complexes, which are not mentioned in the given scenario.

Question 18

The rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain are called:

Accepted Answer

The rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain are called brain waves, as they are generated by the activity of neurons in the brain. Sleep spindles are a specific type of brain wave that occurs during stage 2 of non-REM sleep. Circadian rhythms refer to the natural 24-hour cycles of physiological processes that occur in the body, while myoclonic rhythms refer to involuntary muscle contractions.

Question 19

After turning out the light for the night, your head hits the pillow. Gradually, your muscles relax and drowsiness occurs. This drowsy yet wakeful state is associated with _____ brain waves.

Accepted Answer

Alpha brain waves are associated with a relaxed, drowsy, yet wakeful state, typically occurring as one is falling asleep.

Question 20

Active sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Active sleep is another term for REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, while quiet sleep refers to NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep.

Quiz 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

When she participated in a sleep experiment, Yvette lived in an isolation unit for one month without any external time cues. It is very probable that her internal body clock drifted to the natural or intrinsic rhythm of approximately:

As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is generating _____ brain waves.

Hypnagogic hallucinations are:

REM sleep is also called:

During the 1920s, German psychiatrist Hans Berger advanced the scientific study of sleep when he:

The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph is called a(n) :

Which of the following best describes a myoclonic jerk?

Shortly after going to bed, as you are falling asleep, you experience the vividly realistic sensation that you are falling or tripping forward, which jolts you awake. This vivid sensation is a common example of:

REM is an acronym that stands for:

Paradoxical sleep is to _ as quiet sleep is to _.

REM sleep is also called:

Dr. Repetti is a sleep researcher who wishes to record the rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain. He is most likely to use which of the following methods?

This image depicts the sleep cycles over the course of a typical night. In which stage are hypnagogic hallucinations most likely to occur?

Circadian rhythms that are drastically out of synchronization with daylight and darkness cues can produce:

How is melatonin involved in jet lag?

As you are lying in bed, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. During this short, transitional stage of sleep, you disengage from the routine sounds in your environment. This sleep stage is called:

The rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain are called:

After turning out the light for the night, your head hits the pillow. Gradually, your muscles relax and drowsiness occurs. This drowsy yet wakeful state is associated with _____ brain waves.

Active sleep is to _ as quiet sleep is to _.