Question 1

Cholecystokinin is:
A) a hormone that strongly stimulates appetite.
B) a neurotransmitter that promotes the pituitary gland to produce growth hormone.
C) both a hormone and a neurotransmitter that increases the sensitivity of stretch receptors in the stomach, promotes satiation, and reduces or stops eating behavior.
D) a neurotransmitter manufactured throughout the brain that triggers eating behavior.

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter that is released in the small intestine in response to the presence of food. It increases the sensitivity of stretch receptors in the stomach, promotes satiation, and reduces or stops eating behavior. CCK is not a hormone that strongly stimulates appetite (A). It does not promote the pituitary gland to produce growth hormone (B) or trigger eating behavior throughout the brain (D).

Question 2

In comparing the incidence of homosexuality-either male or female-among pairs of identical twins, fraternal twins, and adoptive siblings, the research seems to indicate that:
A) genetic factors play a role in determining sexual orientation.
B) genetic factors play either a very small or nonexistent role in sexual orientation.
C) having a very dominant mother or a very permissive father seems to contribute to the development of a homosexual orientation.
D) the closer the degree of genetic relationship, the less likely it is that when one sibling was homosexual, the other would also be homosexual.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that genetic factors play a role in determining sexual orientation, as there is a higher incidence of homosexuality among identical twins compared to fraternal twins and adoptive siblings. This suggests that there is a genetic component involved in sexual orientation.

Question 3

The Focus on Neuroscience feature discusses a PET scan study comparing the brains of normal-weight individuals and obese individuals. One finding in the study was that compared with the normal-weight individuals, the obese individuals had:
A) significantly fewer dopamine receptors in their brains.
B) significantly lower levels of the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y in various brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus.
C) significantly more dopamine receptors in their brains.
D) significantly higher levels of the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y in various brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus.

Accepted Answer

The study found that obese individuals had significantly fewer dopamine receptors in their brains compared to normal-weight individuals. This suggests that obese individuals may have reduced reward sensitivity and therefore may be more likely to engage in behaviors, such as overeating, in order to experience pleasure or reward.

Question 4

Getting too little sleep can promote weight gain by:
A) increasing blood levels of ghrelin and decreasing blood levels of leptin.
B) increasing blood levels of both ghrelin and leptin.
C) decreasing blood levels of ghrelin and increasing blood levels of leptin.
D) decreasing the number of dopamine receptors in the brain and triggering the onset of compulsive eating or binge-eating episodes.

Accepted Answer

Ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates appetite while leptin is a hormone that signals fullness. Lack of sleep can increase ghrelin levels and decrease leptin levels, leading to increased hunger and overeating, ultimately promoting weight gain.

Question 5

Paralyzing facial muscles with Botox may make people who have had the procedure less able to recognize emotional expressions in others. The explanation given for this finding is that:
A) Botox injections decrease activity in four brain areas (the anterior cingulate cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen, and insula) involved in interpreting emotions in other people.
B) feedback from our facial muscles helps us understand emotional expressions in others, and Botox prevents that from happening.
C) Botox injections to facial muscles can heighten emotional experiences, increase physiological arousal, and lessen our ability to pay attention to what others are feeling.
D) Botox injections affect brain areas, such as the amygdala, that regulate emotional experiences and lessen the ability to feel our own emotions as well as those of others.

Accepted Answer

Feedback from our facial muscles helps us understand emotional expressions in others, and Botox prevents that from happening.

Question 6

The hormone leptin:
A) is associated with increased food intake when brain levels of the chemical increase.
B) creates a positive energy balance when blood levels of the chemical decrease, which, in turn, triggers eating behavior.
C) is secreted by adipose tissue that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior.
D) is also called the hunger hormone because its presence in the cells lining the stomach strongly stimulates appetite.

Accepted Answer

Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and signals the hypothalamus in the brain, regulating hunger and eating behavior. It does not stimulate appetite and is not known as the hunger hormone. When blood levels of leptin decrease, it creates a negative energy balance, which can lead to decreased food intake.

Question 7

Glucose is:
A) the hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus to regulate hunger and eating behavior.
B) the neurotransmitter that promotes satiation and produces feelings of fullness as you eat.
C) also called the hunger hormone because its presence in the lining of the stomach strongly stimulates appetite.
D) also called blood sugar and is the primary source of energy in your body.

Accepted Answer

Glucose is also called blood sugar and is the primary source of energy in your body.

Question 8

Which of the following increases the sensitivity of the stomach's stretch receptors and promotes satiation?
A) the hormone insulin
B) the hormone ghrelin
C) the neurotransmitter dopamine
D) the hormone cholecystokinin

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fat and protein. It increases the sensitivity of stretch receptors in the stomach, which promotes satiation and reduces food intake. Insulin regulates glucose metabolism, ghrelin stimulates hunger, and dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in reward and motivation, but they do not directly affect the sensitivity of stomach stretch receptors.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages of human sexual response?
A) lust, love, commitment, consummation
B) plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution
C) excitement, orgasm, resolution, plateau
D) excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence of stages in the human sexual response cycle is excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. This model was developed by Masters and Johnson.

Question 10

Charles Darwin:
A) contended that nonhuman animals do not experience emotions.
B) believed that anthropomorphism was the best methodology for scientifically investigating emotions in nonhuman animals.
C) believed that the capacity to experience emotion is an evolved trait that humans share with lower animals.
D) argued that emotional expression in humans is completely different from the instinctive displays of nonhuman animals.

Accepted Answer

Charles Darwin believed that the capacity to experience emotions is an evolved trait that humans share with lower animals. He argued that emotions have an evolutionary function and that they could be studied in nonhuman animals by observing their instinctive displays. He did not believe in anthropomorphism, which is the attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman animals. Thus, options A, B, and D are incorrect.

Question 11

High blood levels of the hormone ghrelin:
A) cause negative energy balance and loss of weight.
B) stimulate appetite and eating behavior.
C) cause a loss of appetite and suppression of normal eating behavior.
D) increase sensitivity of stomach receptors, promote satiation, and reduce or stop eating behavior.

Accepted Answer

High blood levels of the hormone ghrelin stimulate appetite and eating behavior.

Question 12

The Focus on Neuroscience box "Emotions and the Brain" describes a PET scan study by researcher Antonio Damasio and his colleagues. The study found that when participants recalled an emotionally charged memory:
A) internal brain changes occurred after the participant reported subjectively feeling the emotion.
B) there was an increase in brain levels of the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y.
C) there was an increase in brain levels of the neurotransmitter cholecystokinin.
D) internal brain changes occurred before the participant reported subjectively feeling the emotion.

Accepted Answer

The study found that internal brain changes, specifically in the areas responsible for the processing of emotions, occurred before the participant reported subjectively feeling the emotion.

Question 13

Psychologists define the term _____ as a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.
A) motivation
B) emotion
C) self-efficacy
D) anthropomorphism

Accepted Answer

The definition provided is that of an emotion, as it involves subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral expression. Motivation refers to the driving force behind behavior, self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their own abilities, and anthropomorphism involves attributing human qualities to non-human entities.

Question 14

When Graham was taking his first ride up the steep slope at the beginning of the Mighty Mouse Roller Coaster ride, he became aware of his high level of physiological arousal. He then began to feel very fearful. The sequence of events in Graham's emotional experience reflects_______ theory of emotion.
A) Schachter and Singer's two-factor
B) Walter Cannon's
C) the James-Lange
D) the instinct or evolutionary

Accepted Answer

The sequence of events in which Graham became physiologically aroused first, and then fearful, reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion. This theory states that physiological responses to stimuli come before emotional experiences.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Maslow's theory of motivation?
A) Maslow's initial studies on self-actualization were based on limited samples and often relied on the life stories of acquaintances and biographies and autobiographies of historical figures he selected.
B) The concept of self-actualization is vague and almost impossible to define in such a way that it could be empirically measured or tested.
C) Despite the claim that self-actualization is an inborn motivational goal, most people do not experience or achieve self-actualization.
D) Because of Maslow's influence, psychology was encouraged to focus on the motivation and development of psychologically healthy people.

Accepted Answer

This is not a valid criticism of Maslow's theory but rather a potential positive outcome of his influence on psychology.

Question 16

According to _____ theories of motivation, behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.
A) incentive
B) drive
C) humanistic
D) instinct

Accepted Answer

Drive theories of motivation propose that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension (i.e., a drive) caused by unmet physiological needs, such as hunger, thirst, or sleep. In other words, people are motivated to engage in behaviors that will help them eliminate the underlying biological deficit and restore homeostasis. In contrast, incentive theories of motivation suggest that behavior is motivated by external rewards or goals that are not necessarily related to internal bodily states. Humanistic theories of motivation emphasize the role of personal growth and self-actualization in motivating behavior, while instinct theories propose that complex behaviors are innate and genetically programmed.

Question 17

Psychologist Peter Gollwitzer developed an approach that helps people achieve their goals. What are the two key strategies of Gollwitzer's approach?
A) creating mastery experiences and developing self-efficacy
B) meeting basic needs and achieving self-actualization
C) developing competence and achieving autonomy
D) forming goal intentions and creating implementation intentions

Accepted Answer

Gollwitzer's approach involves forming goal intentions (deciding what you want to achieve) and creating implementation intentions (planning how you will achieve it). This helps to establish a clear plan of action and increases the likelihood of success.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) On average, women have a basal metabolic rate that is about 3 to 5 percent lower than men's basal metabolic rate.
B) Getting only about 5 hours of sleep a night is an effective strategy for reducing appetite and losing weight.
C) When people who are obese restrict their caloric intake, their basal metabolic rate decreases.
D) An adult would be considered seriously underweight if he or she had a body mass index of 17.

Accepted Answer

Getting only about 5 hours of sleep a night is not an effective strategy for reducing appetite and losing weight. In fact, inadequate sleep has been associated with an increased risk of obesity and weight gain. The other statements are true.

Question 19

It was _____ who wrote, "It is quite true that man lives by bread alone-where there is no bread. But what happens to man's desires when there is plenty of bread and when his belly is chronically filled? At once other (and 'higher') needs emerge and these, rather than physiological hungers, dominate the organism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new (and still 'higher') needs emerge, and so on. That is what we mean by saying that the basic human needs are organized into a hierarchy of relative prepotency."
A) William James
B) Paul Ekman
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Charles Darwin

Accepted Answer

This quote is from Abraham Maslow, a prominent psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 20

Karen has a body mass index of 28, which means that she is:
A) underweight.
B) in the healthy weight range.
C) overweight, but not obese.
D) obese.

Accepted Answer

A BMI of 28 falls within the overweight range (BMI between 25-29.9) but not yet in the obese range (BMI of 30 or above).

Quiz 8: Motivation and Emotion

Cholecystokinin is:

In comparing the incidence of homosexuality-either male or female-among pairs of identical twins, fraternal twins, and adoptive siblings, the research seems to indicate that:

The Focus on Neuroscience feature discusses a PET scan study comparing the brains of normal-weight individuals and obese individuals. One finding in the study was that compared with the normal-weight individuals, the obese individuals had:

Getting too little sleep can promote weight gain by:

Paralyzing facial muscles with Botox may make people who have had the procedure less able to recognize emotional expressions in others. The explanation given for this finding is that:

The hormone leptin:

Glucose is:

Which of the following increases the sensitivity of the stomach's stretch receptors and promotes satiation?

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages of human sexual response?

Charles Darwin:

High blood levels of the hormone ghrelin:

The Focus on Neuroscience box "Emotions and the Brain" describes a PET scan study by researcher Antonio Damasio and his colleagues. The study found that when participants recalled an emotionally charged memory:

Psychologists define the term _____ as a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Maslow's theory of motivation?

According to _____ theories of motivation, behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

Psychologist Peter Gollwitzer developed an approach that helps people achieve their goals. What are the two key strategies of Gollwitzer's approach?

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Karen has a body mass index of 28, which means that she is: