Question 1

Drive is to _____ as incentive is to _____.

Accepted Answer

"Drive" typically refers to an internal motivation, whereas "incentive" typically refers to an external motivation. In this sense, "drive" might be categorized as a "push" factor (i.e. something that compels us to act from within), while "incentive" might be categorized as a "pull" factor (i.e. something that draws us towards a particular goal from without).

Question 2

Taylor is highly motivated to maintain a high grade point average because her goal is to pursue studies at the graduate level. Taylor's motivation is best explained by:

Accepted Answer

Incentive theories suggest that motivation results from external rewards or incentives that we seek, such as grades or acceptance into a graduate program. Taylor's motivation to maintain a high GPA is driven by the incentive of pursuing higher studies, making option D the best choice.

Question 3

_____ theories of motivation claim that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

Accepted Answer

Drive theories of motivation, such as Clark Hull's Drive Reduction Theory, propose that behavior is driven by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by biological needs such as hunger, thirst, or sleep deprivation. When these needs are unmet, a drive is created that motivates behavior aimed at reducing the drive and meeting the need.

Question 4

Reduction of internal tension would be most closely associated with the _______ theory of motivation.

Accepted Answer

Drive theories propose that motivation arises from the desire to reduce internal tension or drive caused by an unmet need.

Question 5

______ suggest(s) that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards.

Accepted Answer

Incentive theories suggest that behavior is motivated by external goals or rewards. These theories propose that people are drawn towards certain behaviors because they believe that engaging in those behaviors will lead to desirable outcomes or incentives. Therefore, the best choice is D, which refers to incentive theories.

Question 6

_____ refers to the notion that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels.

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable and constant internal states, such as body temperature and energy levels. This process involves various physiological mechanisms, such as hormone regulation, to keep the body's internal environment within a narrow range of optimal conditions.

Question 7

The desire to avoid boredom is to _____ theory as the desire to drink when thirsty is to _____ theory.

Accepted Answer

The desire to avoid boredom reflects arousal theory, which emphasizes the importance of maintaining an optimal level of stimulation or arousal. The desire to drink when thirsty reflects drive theory, which emphasizes the role of internal physiological needs (such as thirst) in motivating behavior.

Question 8

One shortcoming of incentive theories is that they:

Accepted Answer

Incentive theories focus on external incentives as motivators and may not be able to explain behaviors that are not primarily motivated by such incentives, such as altruistic behavior or behavior driven by internal psychological states.

Question 9

Which of the following is a criticism of drive theories of motivation?

Accepted Answer

Drive theories suggest that behaviors are motivated by the desire to reduce tension and maintain homeostasis. However, people sometimes engage in activities that increase tension and arousal, which drive theories struggle to explain.

Question 10

Well-established learning principles, such as the different types of reinforcement, are most closely associated with which type of motivation theories?

Accepted Answer

Learning principles, such as reinforcement, are most closely associated with incentive theories, which focus on external rewards or incentives as motivators for behavior. Instinct theories focus on innate behaviors, drive theories emphasize internal factors such as physiological needs, and humanistic theories stress the importance of fulfilling one's potential and self-actualization.

Question 11

Dr. Mathias believes that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs that "push" us to behave in certain ways. Dr. Mathias's views are most consistent with _____ theories of motivation.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Mathias's belief that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs aligns with drive theories of motivation. Drive theories propose that behavior is driven by the internal state of arousal or tension that motivates an organism to satisfy its biological needs.

Question 12

According to arousal theory, _____ find the heightened arousal of novel experiences very pleasurable.

Accepted Answer

Sensation seekers are individuals who enjoy new, exciting or extreme experiences, seeking to maintain a high level of arousal in their lives. Therefore, according to arousal theory, they find the heightened arousal of novel experiences very pleasurable.

Question 13

"Oh, man, that was awesome! Let's do it again!" Marcela said as she climbed out of the front roller coaster seat. Which category of motivational theories would best explain Marcela's behavior?

Accepted Answer

Arousal theories focus on the idea that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal or excitement. Marcela's excitement and desire to repeat the experience are consistent with this theory, as she likely enjoyed the adrenaline rush and stimulation provided by the roller coaster ride.

Question 14

After working all afternoon cleaning up the attic, Mr. Dixon is very thirsty and drinks a big glass of orange juice. His motivation to drink in order to reduce his feeling of thirst can best be explained by:

Accepted Answer

Drive theories propose that physiological needs create an arousal state that drives us to satisfy those needs, such as drinking when thirsty. Mr. Dixon's motivation to drink orange juice to reduce his feeling of thirst is a classic example of drive reduction theory.

Question 15

______ considers how our ancestral heritage may influence patterns of human behavior, such as eating behavior or the expression of emotions.

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary perspective considers the influence of our ancestral heritage on patterns of human behavior. This perspective suggests that certain behaviors and characteristics may have evolved and persisted over time because they were beneficial for survival and reproduction. This can include behaviors related to eating or emotional expression.

Question 16

When you feel cold, you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling, such as putting on your coat. This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of _____ theories of motivation.

Accepted Answer

Drive theories of motivation suggest that internal tension, or a drive, motivates us to engage in behavior that reduces this tension or satisfies a need. Feeling cold creates a drive to engage in behavior that reduces this discomfort, such as putting on a coat.

Question 17

Animals display automatic and innate behavior patterns called:

Accepted Answer

Fixed action patterns are automatic and innate behavior patterns that are displayed by animals in response to specific stimuli. These patterns are typically complex and stereotyped, and they are performed in the same way every time they are triggered. Examples of fixed action patterns include a bird building a nest or a goose performing a specific mating dance.

Question 18

In contemporary psychology, the evolutionary perspective:

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary perspective in contemporary psychology recognizes the impact of evolution on human behavior and seeks to understand how our evolutionary heritage has influenced behavior patterns. It is a legitimate approach that is widely accepted within the field.

Question 19

About 10 or 15 minutes after Jim starts his daily five-mile jog, he usually begins to perspire heavily. His body's tendency to maintain a steady temperature through the cooling action of sweating is a function of:

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. In this case, Jim's body is sweating to cool down and maintain a steady temperature during his jog, which is an example of homeostasis. Self-determination, incentive motivation, and autonomy are not related to the body's cooling mechanisms.

Question 20

"To get someone to come to do a great job and take pride in their work, a monetary bonus is obviously the best motivator." This statement best illustrates _____ theories of motivation.

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that offering a monetary bonus (incentive) would motivate someone to do a great job and take pride in their work, which aligns with incentive theories of motivation.

Quiz 8: Motivation and Emotion

Drive is to _ as incentive is to _.