Question 1

Odin is asleep when his neighbor starts banging on his window.Odin barely moves,and when he does finally wake up,he is confused and disoriented.Before he was awakened,Odin was most likely in ________ sleep.

Accepted Answer

Odin was most likely in slow-wave sleep, which is characterized by deep sleep. During this stage, it is difficult to wake someone up, and upon awakening, individuals often feel confused and disoriented. Slow-wave sleep is associated with the deepest levels of sleep, making it the most plausible stage given Odin's reaction.

Question 2

In her dream,Lisa has just won the lottery.Her friend interprets the dream as Lisa's unconscious obsession with money and wealth.Her friend's statement indicates that she is focusing on the ________ content of the dream.

Accepted Answer

Lisa's friend is interpreting the underlying, hidden meaning of the dream, which is referred to as the latent content. Therefore, the best choice is B. The manifest content refers to the actual events, images, and sensations experienced in the dream. Activation-synthesis and consolidation are not relevant to Lisa's friend's interpretation of the dream.

Question 3

Your roommate says that you seem to wake up dozens of times in the night,gasping for air,but are totally unaware of it.Based on this information,you may be experiencing

Accepted Answer

Waking up gasping for air is a common symptom of sleep apnea. This disorder causes an interruption in breathing during sleep, which can happen multiple times throughout the night without the person realizing it. This often leads to poor quality sleep and daytime fatigue.

Question 4

Aaron is asleep.His breathing has become more regular and he is less sensitive to external stimulation.A researcher can confirm that Aaron is in stage 2 sleep by looking for ________ on Aaron's EEGs.

Accepted Answer

K-complexes are a characteristic feature of stage 2 sleep on an EEG. Alpha waves are present during relaxed wakefulness and eyes-closed but awake state. Beta waves are associated with high cognitive activity and alertness, and delta waves are characteristic of deep, slow-wave sleep (stage 3 and 4).

Question 5

Becky,a 35-year-old mother,sleeps whenever her six-month-old baby does.Even though Becky and her infant get the same amount of sleep,according to consolidation theory,Becky will spend ________ time in ________ sleep compared with her baby.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Becky,a 35-year-old mother,sleeps whenever her six-month-old baby...

Question 6

Which of the following statements does NOT describe an adaptive and beneficial function of sleep?

Accepted Answer

While dreaming during sleep can have potential cognitive benefits, the statement "sleep allows us to imagine and dream" does not describe an adaptive or beneficial function of sleep. Dreaming is not a necessary function of sleep and some individuals may not even remember their dreams, indicating that dreaming is not essential for the restorative and protective functions of sleep.

Question 7

Occasionally,Jessie will fall asleep at inappropriate times,for example,in the middle of talking to a customer at work.Based on this information,Jessie might be experiencing

Accepted Answer

Falling asleep at inappropriate times is a hallmark symptom of narcolepsy, which is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks. Somnambulism (sleepwalking) and REM behavior disorder involve abnormal behaviors during sleep, while insomnia refers to difficulty falling or staying asleep.

Question 8

After Mork has gone through one full sleep cycle,his heart beats faster,his breathing grows fast and irregular,and his closed eyes begin to move back and forth.Mork is most likely experiencing

Accepted Answer

The described symptoms are characteristic of REM sleep, indicating that Mork has entered this stage of sleep after completing one full sleep cycle.

Question 9

You are lying by the pool,relaxing with your eyes closed,and feeling drowsy.In this situation,the type of brain waves that would most likely show up on your EEGs are

Accepted Answer

Alpha waves are known to be present when a person is in a relaxed and drowsy state, such as lying by the pool with eyes closed. Delta waves are associated with deep sleep, theta waves are associated with light sleep or meditative states, and beta waves are associated with active thinking and concentration.

Question 10

Mandy typically gets a good night of sleep.However,last night,she stayed up all night studying for her exam.After this one night of sleep deprivation,the next day Mandy will most likely have trouble

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mandy typically gets a good night of...

Question 11

Four people of different ages volunteer to take part in a sleep study that monitors their brain waves.The volunteer who will likely spend the most time in REM sleep is a

Accepted Answer

Babies spend a lot of their sleep time in REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, which is important for brain development. The three-month-old boy is likely to spend the most time in REM sleep, compared to the other age groups listed.

Question 12

After playing a difficult soccer match that wore his body out,Jon slept for an extra four hours.Jon's extra sleep is best explained by ________ theory.

Accepted Answer

The restorative theory proposes that sleep is necessary for the body to repair and rejuvenate itself, and Jon's extra sleep after a physically demanding activity like soccer is consistent with this theory.

Question 13

Rhianna had been asleep for 30 minutes when she was awakened by her roommate screaming at her to pick up the phone.Rhianna was extremely confused,so she grabbed her shoe and said "Hello?" Before she was awakened,Rhianna was most likely in ________ sleep.

Accepted Answer

Before being awakened, Rhianna was most likely in slow-wave sleep, which occurs approximately 30 minutes after falling asleep and is characterized by deep sleep and disorientation upon waking.

Question 14

After Mork has gone through one full sleep cycle,his heart beats faster,his breathing grows fast and irregular,and his closed eyes begin to move back and forth.A researcher who is monitoring Mork's EEG activity will most likely see ________ waves.

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, which occurs after a full sleep cycle, the EEG shows beta waves, similar to an awake state, as the brain is very active.

Question 15

Esther dreams that she is swimming.Following Freud's perspective,Esther's therapist suggests that her dream represents a hidden unconscious desire for sexual intimacy.Accordingly,the therapist would most likely say that

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream is the actual literal content and storyline of the dream, while the latent content represents the hidden psychological meaning. In this case, swimming is the manifest content.

Question 16

Tasha is a sleep-deprived college student.In class today,Tasha found her eyes rolling and her arm twitched.Tasha was most likely experiencing

Accepted Answer

Tasha's symptoms suggest that she is experiencing stage 1 sleep, which is the transition phase from being awake to falling asleep. The rolling of the eyes suggests that Tasha is experiencing muscle twitches, which is common during this stage. Narcolepsy is characterized by sudden episodes of sleep, whereas REM behavior disorder is characterized by acting out dreams during REM sleep. Stage 2 sleep occurs after stage 1 and involves a deeper level of sleep.

Question 17

Linnea said that last night she had dreams about daily activities,such as what she was going to wear to school and what pen to bring to class.Based on the nature of the dreams,it is most likely that Linnea had the dream in ________ sleep.

Accepted Answer

Non-REM sleep is often associated with dreams about mundane, everyday activities, unlike REM sleep, which is associated with more vivid and bizarre dreams.

Question 18

You tell your friend Betty about a dream in which you were a giant cupcake.Betty says it means that you have an unconscious desire to drop out of college and become a baker.Betty's statement is describing the ________ content of the dream.

Accepted Answer

Betty's statement about the unconscious desire to become a baker is a deeper, hidden meaning that is not obvious in the content of the dream. This interpretation corresponds to the latent content of the dream. The manifest content of the dream would simply be the imagery of being a giant cupcake. The activation-synthesis theory proposes that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity, while consolidation refers to the process of strengthening memories during sleep and is not directly related to dream interpretation.

Question 19

One major cause of insomnia is

Accepted Answer

Worrying about sleep and having anxiety about being unable to fall asleep can lead to insomnia. This can create a negative cycle in which the more someone worries about sleep, the less likely they are to actually fall asleep.

Question 20

Your child wakes up during the first hour or two after going to bed and walks around his room with a glassy-eyed look.Based on this information,your child most likely has a sleep disorder called

Accepted Answer

The child's behavior is characteristic of somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, where a person walks or moves around while still in a state of sleep. Sleep apnea, REM behavior disorder, and narcolepsy typically do not involve walking or moving around during sleep.

Quiz 3: Consciousness