Question 1

Joffrey's wife asked him to go to the store and buy milk,bacon,apples,juice,butter,and cereal.Joffrey did not write down the items,and ended up only remembering to buy milk and bacon at the store.The fact that Joffrey only remembered milk and bacon demonstrates the ________ effect.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect states that information that is presented first is more likely to be remembered. In this scenario, milk and bacon were the first items mentioned and therefore the ones that Joffrey was able to recall.

Question 2

On his way to buy a snack,Jed sees an ad that simply shows one juicy hamburger.Rather than getting ice cream as he had planned,Jed buys french fries instead.According to the spreading activation model,the hamburger most likely made Jed want french fries because

Accepted Answer

According to the spreading activation model, the hamburger most likely led Jed to want French fries because the node for French fries was activated due to its association with the hamburger. This is because the activation of one node in memory spreads to related nodes, leading to the retrieval of information associated with those nodes. Option A is incorrect because procedural memory involves the recall of motor skills, and is not likely to be linked to individual food items. Option B is incorrect because misattribution would involve associating the ad with a different food item altogether, rather than another item that is related to the ad. Option D is incorrect because encoding refers to the process of acquiring information into memory, and it is unlikely that the ad would encode the image of French fries along with the hamburger.

Question 3

According to the idea that information is held in long-term storage in networks of associations,each specific piece of information in memory is located in

Accepted Answer

Nodes are the units of information or concepts that make up the network of associations in long-term memory. Each piece of information is stored in a particular node or set of nodes that are interconnected with other nodes, forming a complex web of associations. Schemas, associations, and features are all related concepts that contribute to the overall organization and accessibility of information in memory, but they are not the specific locations where information is stored.

Question 4

At Starbucks,a cup of coffee costs $2.82.To use exact change,you must hold the number 2.82 in your head while sorting through your wallet and calculating what coins you have.To be successful in actively processing this information,you must keep the information maintained in short-term storage by using your

Accepted Answer

Working memory is responsible for actively processing and manipulating information in the short-term. In this scenario, holding the cost of the coffee in one's head while calculating what change they have requires the use of working memory. Sensory storage holds sensory information very briefly, semantic memory stores general knowledge and facts, and long-term storage is responsible for the long-term retention of information.

Question 5

If someone says the word doctor,it may trigger a memory of your last trip to the doctor,or it may bring to mind other concepts related to doctors,such as an examination room or a stethoscope.This fact is best explained by the ________ model of memory.

Accepted Answer

The concept of doctor is related to other concepts such as examination room or stethoscope, which indicates spreading activation. This is the model that explains how related concepts can be activated in memory when one concept is accessed.

Question 6

Harry is reading the textbook for his astronomy class and is trying to relate the material to his own life experiences.According to the levels of processing model,Harry is more likely to remember the information over the long term because he is using

Accepted Answer

The levels of processing model proposes that memory is more likely to be retained when it is processed deeply, meaning it is related to personal experiences, associations, or meanings. Therefore, Harry's effort to relate the textbook material to his own life experiences is an example of using deep processing, which is more likely to result in long-term memory retention.

Question 7

Monica hears that George goes to a lot of parties.When a friend asks Monica what George is like,she tells him that George drinks a lot of alcohol.Even though Monica only knows that George goes to parties,she believes that George drinks a lot because she

Accepted Answer

Monica's cognitive schema (preconceived knowledge) about people who go to parties often includes drinking alcohol, which leads her to assume that George drinks a lot even though she only knows he goes to parties.

Question 8

Elaborative rehearsal is a more effective memory strategy than maintenance rehearsal because the information is processed

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves connecting new information to existing knowledge and associations, resulting in deeper processing and better long-term memory retention. Maintenance rehearsal, on the other hand, involves simply repeating the information without much analysis or meaning, resulting in more shallow processing and poorer long-term retention.

Question 9

The string of 16-digits 1776149217872014 is difficult to remember.If a person breaks them up into four groups of four digits (1776,1492,1787,and 2014),these numbers are easier to remember,due to the effect of

Accepted Answer

Chunking involves grouping information into smaller, more meaningful units, making it easier to remember. Breaking up the 16-digit string into four groups of four digits is an example of chunking. Elaborative rehearsal involves actively processing and relating new information to existing knowledge in order to remember it better. Dual coding involves representing information in both verbal and visual formats. Maintenance rehearsal involves simply repeating information in order to keep it in working memory, but this does not improve long-term memory.

Question 10

Fatima is a new student on campus.Everywhere she goes,she is asked for her 12-digit student number.To memorize her new student number,she thinks of it as three different years.Fatima is using ________ to aid her memory.

Accepted Answer

Fatima is using chunking to aid her memory. Chunking involves grouping information into smaller, more manageable units in order to remember it more easily. In this case, she is grouping her 12-digit student number into three different years, which makes it easier to remember.

Question 11

In a memory experiment,Group A is asked to listen to a list of words.Group B is asked to count the number of e's in the words.Group C is asked to use each word in a sentence.According to the levels of processing model,what will the results of the experiment be?

Accepted Answer

According to the levels of processing model, deep processing leads to better memory retention. Group C, which is required to use each word in a sentence, engages in a deeper level of processing compared to Group A, which simply listens to the words, and Group B, which focuses on counting a specific letter in the words. Therefore, Group C is likely to remember more words than the other two groups.

Question 12

Your friend starts talking about a new puppy that she just rescued.This discussion activates your knowledge about dogs.Since this knowledge is maintained in long-term storage in a network of associations,when you hear about her new puppy

Accepted Answer

When you hear about your friend's new puppy, your brain will activate words that are highly associated with the concept of dogs because the discussion is specifically about a puppy. This means that words like "puppy," "leash," "play," and "tail wagging" will be activated before less relevant words like "parrot" or "hamster." Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 13

Travis is taking a new medicine that has a side effect of disrupting his short-term storage.Based on this fact,you know that Travis will have difficultly recalling

Accepted Answer

Short-term storage refers to the ability to hold and recall information over a brief period of time, typically a few seconds or minutes. This includes phone numbers, which can typically be held in short-term memory for up to 20 seconds. Therefore, Travis is likely to have difficulty recalling the phone number he heard 15 seconds ago. Option A is incorrect because recalling a photograph seen less than a second ago is a task of sensory memory, not short-term memory. Option C is incorrect because recalling multiplication tables learned in third grade relies on long-term memory. Option D is incorrect because riding a bicycle is a motor skill, not a memory task.

Question 14

George has to recall the names of the first 20 presidents of the United States for his history test.According to the levels of processing model of memory,to remember the most names,George should

Accepted Answer

According to the levels of processing model of memory, George should relate the names to information he already knows. This will help him to make meaningful associations with the information and therefore remember it better. Simply repeating the names to himself (D) or writing them down over and over (B) may not lead to as strong of a memory. Studying in the same room where the test will be given (A) may have some benefits in terms of recognizing the environment during the test, but it is unlikely to have as much impact on memory retention as making meaningful associations with the information.

Question 15

Reveille just got a new bank account password: 979tamu.She repeats the code over and over,keeping the information maintained in short-term storage by using

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information over and over to keep it in short-term memory. This is exactly what Reveille is doing to remember her new bank account password, so the best choice is B. Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing of information and connecting it to existing knowledge, which is not happening in this scenario. Dual coding and chunking involve organizing information in specific ways, which is not what is happening in this scenario.

Question 16

Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies.When he tries to recall the list later on,he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned.The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to

Accepted Answer

The recency effect refers to the phenomenon where the most recent items in a list are more easily remembered than items from the middle or beginning of the list. This is likely what occurred in Callum's case, as he was only able to recall the last two movies that Addie mentioned.

Question 17

Nora and Miles are studying for an exam.Nora makes flash cards to memorize new terms and repeatedly reads them to herself.Miles links new terms to the ones he already knows based on their meanings.Nora is using ________ and Miles is using ________ to learn the terms.

Accepted Answer

Nora is using maintenance rehearsal, which involves rote repetition to memorize information. Miles is using elaborative rehearsal, which involves linking new information to existing knowledge to understand and remember it better.

Question 18

Morgan is currently taking a course on public speaking.Next year,he will most likely remember only general facts from the course,because semantic information is maintained in

Accepted Answer

Long-term storage is where semantic information is maintained for an extended period of time, while sensory storage briefly holds sensory information and short-term storage holds information for a limited amount of time before it is either forgotten or transferred to long-term storage. Working memory is a type of short-term storage that involves actively manipulating and processing information. Therefore, the best choice is C, as general facts from the course will be stored in long-term memory.

Question 19

Fadeke is studying for her English literature test.For each novel she reads,she tries to think of how the novel relates to her own life.In order to remember the novels,Fadeke is using the memory strategy called

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves making connections between new information and existing knowledge or personal experiences in order to better remember and understand the new information. Fadeke is using this strategy by trying to relate the novels to her own life. Maintenance rehearsal, on the other hand, involves simply repeating information over and over in order to remember it. The primacy effect and the recency effect refer to the tendency for people to better remember information at the beginning or end of a list, respectively, but neither of these concepts are relevant to Fadeke's use of elaborative rehearsal.

Question 20

To work at Burger Shack,Meghan must memorize all of the menu items.To do this,Meghan thinks about which friend would want to order each item.Meghan is likely to retain the menu items in long-term storage very well because she used

Accepted Answer

Meghan used elaborative rehearsal, which involves connecting new information to pre-existing knowledge or experiences. By thinking about which friend would want to order each item, she created meaningful connections to the menu items, making it easier for her to retain them in her long-term memory.

Quiz 7: Memory