Question 1

A year and a half after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake, people had very accurate recall of where they had been and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake. Their recall best illustrates ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

The accurate recall of a significant and emotional event (the earthquake) that was experienced firsthand demonstrates flashbulb memory. Implicit memory involves unconscious memories of skills and habits, sensory memory is the brief storage of sensory information, and procedural memory is the memory of how to do something.

Question 2

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful

Accepted Answer

The smell of freshly baked bread acted as a retrieval cue, triggering the recall of vivid memories of Mr. Hutz's early childhood.

Question 3

The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is known for its role in the processing and regulation of emotions, especially fear. When stimulated by stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, it can boost activity in the brain's memory-forming areas such as the hippocampus, leading to stronger memory consolidation of emotional and/or stressful events.

Question 4

We long remember exciting or shocking events due to activation of the limbic system's

Accepted Answer

The limbic system plays a key role in processing emotions and memories, and the amygdala specifically is involved in encoding emotional events and memories. This is why we tend to recall exciting or shocking events vividly and with strong emotional content.

Question 5

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to

Accepted Answer

Retrieval cues are like primers that help in recalling or retrieving information. Just like how primers prepare a surface for painting, retrieval cues prepare our mind for recalling certain information. Rehearsal, on the other hand, involves repetition of information to encode it into our memory. Chunking and the spacing effect also pertain to encoding, whereas relearning is related to the process of retention.

Question 6

Long-term potentiation refers to

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation refers to a physical change in a neuron that leads to an increase in its firing potential. This change allows for the strengthening of neural connections, leading to improved learning and memory retention. Choice A refers to the levels of processing theory, which is unrelated to long-term potentiation. Choice B refers to the idea of flashbulb memories, which are also unrelated to long-term potentiation. Choice D refers to implicit learning, which is also not related to long-term potentiation.

Question 7

The receptor sites of receiving neurons have been observed to increase following

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation (LTP) has been found to increase the number and sensitivity of receptor sites on receiving neurons, which strengthens the synapse and improves neuronal communication. This leads to the formation of long-term memories. Retrieval failure, retrograde amnesia, and imagination inflation are not directly related to changes in receptor sites.

Question 8

Words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as context-dependent memory, which occurs when there is a match in the environmental context between the encoding and retrieval of information. In this case, hearing the words underwater creates a specific context which is later matched during retrieval underwater, resulting in better recall.

Question 9

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called

Accepted Answer

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory refers to priming.

Question 10

A stimulus linked to a specific memory is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A retrieval cue is a stimulus that is associated with a specific memory and can help in triggering the recall of that memory. The other options are not directly related to this concept.

Question 11

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are exceptionally clear and detailed memories of emotionally significant events that are often resistant to forgetting. Examples of flashbulb memories include where you were and what you were doing when you heard about a major event like the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

Question 12

Effective retrieval cues trigger the process known as

Accepted Answer

Effective retrieval cues trigger the process of priming, which involves activating a specific network of associations related to the intended memory. This facilitates the recall of the target information. LTP (A) refers to the long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections that underlie learning and memory formation. Chunking (B) is a mnemonic strategy that involves grouping individual pieces of information into larger, more meaningful units. Overlearning (C) involves rehearsing material beyond the point of initial mastery, which may enhance long-term retention but does not directly relate to retrieval cues.

Question 13

Hotaka can vividly recall the devastating experience of barely surviving a tsunami that took many others' lives. It is likely that the stress of that experience provoked the ________ to boost activity in the memory-forming areas of his brain.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is a key part of the brain's emotional processing center and plays a major role in the formation of emotional memories. The stress of surviving a tsunami would likely trigger the amygdala to boost activity in the memory-forming areas of the brain. The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating bodily functions such as hunger, thirst, and sleep. The cerebellum is responsible for coordination and balance. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information. None of these structures are directly involved in memory formation in response to stress.

Question 14

Context-dependent memory best illustrates that the specific location in which we learned something often provides us with effective

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon in which the environment or situation in which encoding and retrieval occur serves as a powerful retrieval cue. Therefore, the specific location in which we learned something can provide us with effective retrieval cues.

Question 15

The temporary release of serotonin has been found to ________ memory formation, and the temporary release of stress hormones has been found to ________ memory formation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The temporary release of serotonin has been...

Question 16

Julie most accurately recalls information learned in her history classroom when her recall is tested in the very same classroom. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon where people remember information better when they are in the same context or environment in which they learned it. In this case, Julie's recall is better when she is tested in the same classroom where she learned the information, indicating context-dependent memory. The serial position effect refers to the tendency to recall the first and last items on a list better than the items in the middle. The spacing effect refers to the phenomenon where learning is greater when studying is spread out over time. Chunking refers to organizing information into manageable units, so it is easier to remember.

Question 17

Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as priming, where exposure to a stimulus (in this case, the missing-child poster) influences our perception and interpretation of subsequent events (the adult-child interaction). The concept of chunking refers to breaking down information into smaller, manageable parts for easier recall. Source amnesia pertains to a lack of clarity or confusion about the source of a memory. Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of earlier information.

Question 18

When learning occurs through classical conditioning, the California sea slug, Aplysia, releases more ________ at certain synapses.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a learned response. In Aplysia, this type of learning is associated with an increase in serotonin release at certain synapses, specifically those involved in the gill-withdrawal reflex. This neurotransmitter release results in changes in the strength of the synapses involved in the reflex, leading to enhanced responsiveness to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 19

A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Ashley's ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

The physical injury is most likely to interfere with Ashley's short-term memory, as this type of memory holds information briefly and is easily disrupted by physical trauma.

Question 20

Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of

Accepted Answer

Priming is a phenomenon where exposure to one stimulus influences a person's response to another stimulus. In this case, the romantic novel acted as a prime that influenced Consuela's memory retrieval of past experiences with her high school boyfriend.

Quiz 8: Memory