Question 1

Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

Prejudice is an attitude, whereas discrimination is a behavior. Prejudice is a negative attitude or belief about a group of people based on their perceived characteristics, such as race, gender, or sexual orientation. Discrimination is the act of treating people unfairly based on their membership in a particular group.

Question 2

On the basis of what Americans say, in the last 70 years

Accepted Answer

According to surveys and studies conducted over the past 70 years, there has been a consistent decrease in gender and racial prejudice among Americans. While progress has been uneven and there are still issues to address, overall there has been improvement in attitudes towards both gender and race.

Question 3

Neuroscientists have detected implicit prejudice in an emotion-processing center known as the

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is the emotion-processing center that has been linked to implicit prejudice. Studies have shown that when people view faces of individuals from different racial groups, the amygdala will show heightened activity in response to faces of another race, indicating a bias or prejudice towards that group.

Question 4

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

The belief that people get what they deserve (i.e. the just-world phenomenon) can lead to the belief that victims of a disaster must have done something to deserve it, even if it is not true. This is also known as victim blaming.

Question 5

Ingroup bias best illustrates the impact of our ________ on prejudice.

Accepted Answer

Ingroup bias refers to the tendency to favor people who belong to the same group as we do, and this bias is strongly influenced by our social identities.

Question 6

Worldwide, women are ________ likely than men to live in poverty, and they are ________ likely than men to be illiterate.

Accepted Answer

Worldwide, women are more likely to live in poverty and more likely to be illiterate than men due to various socio-economic factors, including gender inequality and limited access to education and employment opportunities.

Question 7

People who blame victims of cancer for their medical misfortune best illustrate

Accepted Answer

The just-world phenomenon refers to the tendency for people to believe that individuals get what they deserve in life. Blaming cancer victims for their illness can be seen as an example of this phenomenon, as it suggests that the victim did something to deserve their illness.

Question 8

A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in

Accepted Answer

The store owner is discriminating against Black customers by charging them more than Hispanic customers. Discrimination involves treating individuals differently based on their membership in a particular group.

Question 9

Unjustifiable and negative behavior toward a group and its members is called

Accepted Answer

Discrimination refers to unjustifiable and negative behavior toward a group and its members. Deindividuation refers to a phenomenon where individuals lose their sense of individual identity in group situations, leading to a lack of self-awareness and potentially negative behavior. Groupthink refers to a phenomenon where group members prioritize consensus and conformity over critical thinking and independent decision-making. Group polarization refers to the tendency for group discussion to lead to more extreme opinions or decisions than individuals would make independently.

Question 10

Priming people with a flashed Black face rather than a flashed White face makes them more likely to misperceive a flashed tool as a gun. This best illustrates the subtle character of

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is an example of implicit racial associations, where the association of Black faces with danger and threat (due to societal stereotypes) can influence perception and behavior towards ambiguous stimuli.

Question 11

The set of people perceived as different from "us" is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

The set of people perceived as different from "us" is commonly referred to as the outgroup. This is a well-established term in social psychology that refers to a group that is seen as distinct from one's own group, and can be characterized by negative stereotypes or prejudices. The concept of the outgroup is often used to explain intergroup conflict or discrimination, as individuals may automatically view those in the outgroup as being less trustworthy or worthy of respect.

Question 12

In one experiment, White respondents typically took longer to identify words such as peace and paradise as "good" when the words were associated with Black-sounding names rather than White-sounding names. This best illustrated

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one experiment, White respondents typically took...

Question 13

At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of races different from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between

Accepted Answer

Aaron's conscious level of thinking may indicate that he holds no prejudices, but his automatic discomfort in situations where he has to interact with people of different races suggests that he may hold implicit or unconscious biases. This is an example of the distinction between explicit attitudes (what we consciously think and express) and implicit attitudes (our automatic associations and biases).

Question 14

Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate

Accepted Answer

The beliefs of Ezra and Arlette illustrate ingroup bias, which is the tendency to favor one's own group (in this case, boys or girls) over other groups.

Question 15

Studies of implicit prejudice indicate that prejudice is often

Accepted Answer

Studies of implicit prejudice have found that people often hold unconscious biases and prejudices that can influence their thoughts and behavior, even if they are not aware of them.

Question 16

Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. This is best illustrated in studies of

Accepted Answer

Studies of implicit associations have shown that people can have automatic and unconscious biases or prejudices based on race, gender, and other factors. This can occur even if the person consciously believes in equality and fairness. Deindividuation, group polarization, and mirror-image perceptions are all related to group dynamics and have less to do with automatic or unconscious prejudice.

Question 17

Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates ingroup bias, which is the tendency for people to favor members of their own group over those in other groups. Even though the groups were created randomly, individuals quickly develop a sense of loyalty and favoritism towards their own group when rewards are at stake. The other options are not applicable to this scenario: the mere exposure effect refers to increased liking for a stimulus due to repeated exposure, the fundamental attribution error involves overemphasizing dispositional factors in explaining others' behavior, and deindividuation refers to a loss of sense of self in group settings.

Question 18

If poverty causes high rates of crime, the high crime rates can be used to justify discrimination against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The blame-the-victim dynamic refers to the tendency of people to hold individuals responsible for their own misfortunes, rather than looking at broader societal factors that contribute to those misfortunes. In this case, high crime rates in impoverished areas are blamed on the individuals living there, rather than on systemic issues like poverty, lack of resources, and inadequate education and opportunities. This can then be used as an excuse for discrimination against those individuals based on their socio-economic status.

Question 19

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying

Accepted Answer

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying social inequalities. When there are existing social hierarchies and power imbalances, individuals may discriminate against others who are seen as lower in that hierarchy in order to maintain their own position of power and privilege. This can lead to the development of prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviors.

Question 20

Several south Asian countries have experienced a shortfall in ________ births. In addition, a ________ of the children in Chinese orphanages are girls.

Accepted Answer

The sentence mentions a shortfall in female births in several south Asian countries, which implies that there is a majority of male births. It also states that a majority of children in Chinese orphanages are girls, making choice C the correct answer.

Quiz 13: Personality

Prejudice is a(n) ; discrimination is a(n) .