Question 1

By professional training, Freud was a

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud was a physician by professional training, having studied medicine at the University of Vienna. He later went on to specialize in neurology, before developing his theories on psychoanalysis.

Question 2

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mental processes. This includes the influence of early life experiences, conflicts, and defense mechanisms. Freudian theory is perhaps the most well-known example of a psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes that unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences shape personality development.

Question 3

Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms

Accepted Answer

Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms made no neurological sense. He observed that their symptoms could not be explained by any physical or neurological abnormalities, leading him to believe that they must have had deeper psychological roots.

Question 4

Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone. Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive

Accepted Answer

Mary and Eileen's preferences for socializing and alone time suggest that they have different personality traits. Personality refers to the unique set of characteristics and behaviors that define an individual's personality.

Question 5

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of personality, the id is the most primitive and instinctual part of the psyche, representing the basic drives for food, water, and other necessities. Matthew's impulse to throw his plate on the floor in response to being denied dessert is consistent with the impulsive and irrational behavior associated with the id.

Question 6

The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic theories, such as those developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasize the role of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences in shaping human behavior and personality.

Question 7

Free association is central to the process of

Accepted Answer

Free association is a core technique in psychoanalysis, in which a patient is encouraged to freely share their thoughts and feelings without censorship or judgment. This allows the therapist to gain insight into the patient's unconscious and uncover repressed emotions or experiences.

Question 8

A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as

Accepted Answer

The psychotherapist is using the technique of free association, which involves encouraging the person to freely express whatever thoughts come to mind without censorship or analysis. This technique is often used in psychodynamic therapy to access the unconscious and explore underlying conflicts or issues.

Question 9

According to Freud, the unconscious is

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the unconscious is the part of the mind that contains thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories that are outside of conscious awareness, but still influence behavior. It includes repressed memories and emotional conflicts that shape personality and behavior.

Question 10

Reporting whatever thoughts come to mind even if they are trivial or embarrassing is characteristic of

Accepted Answer

Reporting whatever thoughts come to mind is known as free association, which is a technique used in psychoanalysis to explore the unconscious mind. It involves sharing any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems trivial or embarrassing. Defense mechanisms, such as repression or projection, involve unconsciously distorting reality to protect oneself from anxiety or discomfort. The spotlight effect refers to the tendency to overestimate how much others notice and care about our appearance and behavior. Self-serving bias involves attributing our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors.

Question 11

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the id is driven by the pleasure principle, which seeks immediate gratification of basic needs and desires, without concern for social norms or consequences.

Question 12

Forgotten memories that we can easily recall were said by Freud to be

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, memories that are preconscious are those that are easily recalled and may be retrieved with little effort. These memories are not currently in our awareness but can be easily accessed.

Question 13

The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of

Accepted Answer

Personality refers to the pattern of consistent behavior, thoughts, and emotions that make an individual unique. Therefore, behavioral consistency is the most fitting concept that Personality embodies. Moral integrity, self-transcendence, and self-actualization all relate to important aspects of an individual's character or goals, but they do not specifically encapsulate the idea of consistency that is central to Personality.

Question 14

Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis was developed by Sigmund Freud, who proposed a theory of personality structure and a method of psychotherapeutic treatment that focused on uncovering unconscious conflicts and past experiences.

Question 15

A therapist thinks that Jordan would be much less agitated and ineffective at work if he could recognize his own conflicting feelings of respect for and irritation toward his workplace supervisor. The therapist's belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious conflicts and motives, and the therapist's belief that Jordan's unresolved feelings toward his supervisor are contributing to his agitation and ineffectiveness at work aligns with this perspective. The other options (trait, humanistic, and social-cognitive) do not specifically address unconscious conflicts or motives.

Question 16

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her

Accepted Answer

Personality refers to an individual's distinctive pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, which tend to remain consistent over time and across different situations. Self-esteem refers to an individual's sense of self-worth, and while it is related to personality, it is not the same thing. The reality principle is a concept from psychoanalytic theory that refers to an individual's ability to navigate real-world demands and constraints, while the identification process is a process by which individuals adopt the attitudes, values, and behaviors of others as part of their own personality development.

Question 17

Ego is to id as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Ego and id are both components of Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, while the ego is driven by the reality principle. Therefore, a comparison to ego would require a term that contrasts with the pleasure principle, which is the reality principle. Option C correctly represents this contrast. Option A is incorrect because both ego and id are components of the unconscious mind. Option B is incorrect because biology and morality do not contrast in the same way as ego and id. Option D is incorrect because both regression and repression are defense mechanisms used by the ego.

Question 18

Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that psychological processes played a major role in the development of certain symptoms. He believed that the unconscious mind was responsible for many of these processes, and that painful memories and experiences often resurfaced in the form of symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and phobias.

Question 19

When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Hafez shows signs of a

Accepted Answer

According to Freudian psychology, the ego is responsible for making practical and logical decisions, while balancing the desires of the id and superego. Hafez's decision to prioritize saving for his college education over indulging in a luxurious new car suggests a strong and well-developed ego.

Question 20

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the

Accepted Answer

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is called the id. It operates on the pleasure principle and seeks to satisfy instincts and impulses without concern for reality or consequences.

Quiz 12: Social Psychology