Question 1

Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult ________ test and to depress male students' performance on a difficult ________ test.
A) math problem-solving;verbal fluency
B) verbal fluency;math problem-solving
C) spatial abilities;athletic abilities
D) athletic abilities;spatial abilities

Accepted Answer

Stereotype threat occurs when individuals feel at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their group. In the case of gender, there is a stereotype that women are less skilled in mathematics than men, while men are less skilled in verbal fluency than women. Therefore, female students are more likely to be affected by stereotype threat when taking a difficult math problem-solving test, and male students are more likely to be affected by stereotype threat when taking a difficult verbal fluency test.

Question 2

Research suggests that girls are more skilled than boys at
A) avoiding emotional uncertainty.
B) preventing emotions from distorting reasoning.
C) detecting other people's emotions.
D) delaying emotional gratification in pursuit of long-term goals.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that girls are more skilled than boys at detecting other people's emotions. This is believed to be due to socialization and cultural expectations that place a greater emphasis on empathy and emotional expression for girls. There is no clear evidence that girls are more skilled at avoiding emotional uncertainty or delaying emotional gratification. While some studies suggest that girls may be better at preventing emotions from distorting reasoning, others have found no significant gender differences in this area.

Question 3

College students are more likely to use a condom when told that it has a 95 percent success rate than when told it has a 5 percent failure rate.This best illustrates the impact of
A) framing.
B) confirmation bias.
C) a fixation.
D) the availability heuristic.

Accepted Answer

This scenario exemplifies the concept of framing, which refers to the way in which information is presented or framed to influence people's perceptions, judgments, and decision-making. In this case, using the statistic of a 95 percent success rate frames the message in a positive light and may therefore be more persuasive in encouraging condom use, compared to framing the same information as a 5 percent failure rate, which may sound more negative and less effective.

Question 4

We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ________ of a bird.
A) heuristic
B) prototype
C) algorithm
D) fixation

Accepted Answer

A prototype is a mental image or best example of a category. In this case, the prototype for the category of birds may include qualities such as having wings, feathers, and the ability to fly. A blue jay closely resembles this prototype, making it easier for us to recognize it as a bird, while a penguin may deviate from our mental prototype of a bird with its inability to fly and its unique physical appearance, making it harder for us to recognize it as a bird.

Question 5

The similarity between intelligence scores of fraternal twins raised together is
A) equal to that between identical twins raised apart.
B) less than that between children and their biological parents.
C) equal to that between ordinary siblings raised together.
D) less than that between identical twins raised apart.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The similarity between intelligence scores of fraternal...

Question 6

Native German speakers who pronounce the English word "this" as "dis" are demonstrating their difficulty with an English
A) morpheme.
B) syntax.
C) phoneme.
D) aphasia.

Accepted Answer

The pronunciation of "this" as "dis" involves substituting the English phoneme /ð/ with the German phoneme /d/, which can be a common difficulty for native German speakers learning English. Morphemes and syntax are not relevant in this context, and aphasia refers to a disorder of language processing or production, which is not necessarily applicable in this situation.

Question 7

Unlike the use of algorithms or heuristics,insight does not involve
A) concepts.
B) prototypes.
C) cognition.
D) strategy-based solutions.

Accepted Answer

Insight involves a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem, bypassing the systematic and strategic methods typically associated with algorithms or heuristics. It does not rely on strategy-based solutions but rather on an intuitive understanding or a sudden "aha" moment.

Question 8

A person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly (for example,in solving novel logic problems)decreases slowly up to about age 75,then more rapidly,especially after age 85.This type of ability is also known as
A) factor analysis.
B) emotional intelligence.
C) crystallized intelligence.
D) fluid intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to solve novel logic problems and to think abstractly, which declines more rapidly after age 85.

Question 9

Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for
A) nontwin siblings raised together.
B) fraternal twins raised together.
C) identical twins raised together.
D) identical twins raised apart.

Accepted Answer

Nontwin siblings raised together have the least similar intelligence test scores compared to the other groups listed. This is because, while they share a similar environment, their genetic similarity is on average only 50%, which is less than that of fraternal twins (who also share 50% of their genes but have a more synchronized developmental environment) and much less than identical twins, whether raised together or apart, who share nearly 100% of their genes. Identical twins, regardless of being raised together or apart, tend to show very high similarity in intelligence test scores due to their genetic identity.

Question 10

The athletic intelligence seen in the smart split-second responses of highly skilled tennis players best illustrates the value of
A) intuition.
B) divergent thinking.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) an algorithm.

Accepted Answer

The athletic intelligence seen in the smart split-second responses of highly skilled tennis players reflects their intuition, which is the ability to understand or know something without conscious reasoning.

Question 11

University students who focus on the interest and challenge of their schoolwork rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades are especially likely to demonstrate
A) a mental set.
B) creativity.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) belief perseverance.

Accepted Answer

Focusing on interest and challenge indicates a higher level of intrinsic motivation, which has been positively correlated with creativity. Mental set, belief perseverance, and extrinsic motivation are not directly related to this scenario.

Question 12

To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store,you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle.This best illustrates problem solving by means of
A) the availability heuristic.
B) belief perseverance.
C) an algorithm.
D) framing.

Accepted Answer

Searching every shelf in every store aisle is a systematic and step-by-step process, which is characteristic of an algorithm. The availability heuristic involves making judgments based on the ease of retrieving information from memory, belief perseverance refers to maintaining beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence, and framing involves how a problem is presented or framed affecting how it is understood and solved.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a component of creativity as described by Robert Sternberg?
A) expertise
B) imaginative thinking skills
C) a creative environment
D) extrinsic motivation

Accepted Answer

Robert Sternberg identified three components of creativity: expertise, imaginative thinking skills, and a creative environment. Extrinsic motivation, which involves engaging in behavior for the sake of external rewards, is not considered a component of creativity.

Question 14

Professor Chadwick evaluated a graduate student's research proposal negatively simply because he had heard a rumor about the student's incompetence.When later informed that the rumor had been patently false,the professor's assessment of the student's research proposal remained almost as negative as it had been originally.This best illustrates
A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) belief perseverance.
D) framing.

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of belief perseverance, which is the tendency to cling to one's initial beliefs even after they have been discredited. Professor Chadwick's negative assessment of the student's research proposal persisted even after he was informed that the original rumor was false. This suggests that he was holding onto his initial negative beliefs about the student, even in the face of contradictory evidence. The other options (representativeness heuristic, availability heuristic, and framing) are not as closely related to this scenario.

Question 15

When you add s to the word apple you are referring to more than one apple.This illustrates an English language rule of
A) semantics.
B) aphasia.
C) syntax.
D) telegraphic speech.

Accepted Answer

Adding 's' to "apple" to form "apples" changes the meaning of the word to refer to more than one apple, which is related to semantics, the study of meaning in language.

Question 16

The easier it is for people to remember an instance in which they were betrayed by a friend,the more they expect such an event to recur.This best illustrates the impact of
A) framing.
B) confirmation bias.
C) an algorithm.
D) the availability heuristic.

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the question best illustrates the impact of the availability heuristic. The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut where people judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily they can bring to mind instances of that event. In this case, the ease with which people can recall instances of being betrayed by a friend increases their expectation that it will happen again.

Question 17

Max is so used to thinking that a tough competitive style of behavior is the best way to impress others that he fails to recognize that the most effective way to impress his girlfriend is with cooperative tenderness.Max's oversight best illustrates
A) a fixation.
B) the framing effect.
C) an algorithm.
D) divergent thinking.

Accepted Answer

Max's behavior reflects a fixation, which is a cognitive bias characterized by an inability to see and approach a problem in a new way due to being fixated on a particular approach or perspective. He is stuck in the belief that a tough competitive style is the best way to impress others, which makes him overlook other effective approaches such as cooperative tenderness.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT an example of how nonhuman species transmit culture?
A) Dolphins form coalitions,cooperatively hunt,and learn tool use from one another.
B) Apes store a tool that they could use to retrieve food the next day.
C) Forest-dwelling chimpanzees select different tools for different purposes.
D) Dolphins learn to use marine sponges as protective nose guards when probing the sea floor for fish.

Accepted Answer

Storing a tool for future use, as described in option B, is an example of individual foresight or planning rather than a cultural transmission, which involves the sharing and learning of behaviors within a community.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding intuition?
A) Intuition is implicit knowledge that we cannot fully explain.
B) Intuition can be demonstrated in skilled athletes who react without thinking.
C) Unconscious,automatic influences are constantly affecting our judgments.
D) The more complex the decision,the less useful intuition.

Accepted Answer

The statement that the more complex the decision, the less useful intuition, is false. In fact, intuition can be particularly useful in complex decision making, as it can help with pattern recognition and drawing on past experiences without being limited by conscious analysis.

Question 20

In one massive study of 11,000 twin pairs in four countries,the heritability of general intelligence (g)________ between middle childhood and adolescence and it ________ between adolescence and young adulthood.
A) decreased;decreased
B) increased;increased
C) decreased;increased
D) increased;decreased

Accepted Answer

The heritability of general intelligence (g) tends to increase from middle childhood to adolescence and continues to increase from adolescence to young adulthood. This pattern suggests that as individuals grow older, genetic factors play a more significant role in their intelligence.

Quiz 9: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult test and to depress male students' performance on a difficult test.

Research suggests that girls are more skilled than boys at

College students are more likely to use a condom when told that it has a 95 percent success rate than when told it has a 5 percent failure rate.This best illustrates the impact of

We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ________ of a bird.

The similarity between intelligence scores of fraternal twins raised together is

Native German speakers who pronounce the English word "this" as "dis" are demonstrating their difficulty with an English

Unlike the use of algorithms or heuristics,insight does not involve

A person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly (for example,in solving novel logic problems) decreases slowly up to about age 75,then more rapidly,especially after age 85.This type of ability is also known as

Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for

The athletic intelligence seen in the smart split-second responses of highly skilled tennis players best illustrates the value of

University students who focus on the interest and challenge of their schoolwork rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades are especially likely to demonstrate

To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store,you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle.This best illustrates problem solving by means of

Which of the following is NOT a component of creativity as described by Robert Sternberg?

When you add s to the word apple you are referring to more than one apple.This illustrates an English language rule of

The easier it is for people to remember an instance in which they were betrayed by a friend,the more they expect such an event to recur.This best illustrates the impact of

Max is so used to thinking that a tough competitive style of behavior is the best way to impress others that he fails to recognize that the most effective way to impress his girlfriend is with cooperative tenderness.Max's oversight best illustrates

Which of the following is NOT an example of how nonhuman species transmit culture?

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding intuition?

In one massive study of 11,000 twin pairs in four countries,the heritability of general intelligence (g) between middle childhood and adolescence and it between adolescence and young adulthood.