Question 1

The tendency to perceive the members of an outgroup as similar to one another is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Outgroup homogeneity refers to the tendency of people to view members of an outgroup as more similar to each other than to members of their own ingroup. This can lead to stereotyping and prejudice against outgroup members. Outgroup bias, on the other hand, refers to the tendency to evaluate an outgroup less favorably than one's ingroup. The other-race effect and own-race bias both refer to the tendency to better recognize and remember faces of one's own race compared to faces of other races.

Question 2

According to the scapegoat theory,prejudice is likely to result from

Accepted Answer

The scapegoat theory suggests that people tend to blame their frustrations and problems on an outgroup, leading to prejudice towards that group. This makes choice D, frustration, the best answer. The other options may also be related to prejudice in some way, but they are not directly tied to the scapegoat theory.

Question 3

Which theory most clearly suggests that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame when things go wrong?

Accepted Answer

Scapegoat theory suggests that individuals direct their anger and frustration toward groups that are disliked or different from themselves, providing a target for blaming when things go wrong. This theory can help explain why prejudice and discrimination often increase in times of economic hardship or political instability.

Question 4

People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as ________ one another and the members of an ingroup as ________ one another.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as the outgroup homogeneity effect, where individuals see members of an outgroup as being more similar to each other than they are to members of their own group (ingroup), which they view as more varied.

Question 5

The tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut where we base our judgments on the most easily available or memorable information. Therefore, we tend to estimate the frequency of an event by how easily we can bring examples to mind.

Question 6

Montel,a White university student,is on academic probation for poor grades.Ever since he received notice of his probation,Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus.His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

Scapegoat theory suggests that people who are experiencing negative events or situations may redirect their frustration and anger toward groups that are seen as different or inferior. In this case, Montel's academic probation may be causing him to feel frustrated and angry, and he may be directing those feelings toward racial minority students and staff as a way of scapegoating them for his own situation.

Question 7

Judith tends to become uneasy when she learns someone is a Muslim.She fears that the person is a terrorist and that a terrorist attack may soon happen.Her fear may be related to the daily news reports of terrorist attacks.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

This illustrates the availability heuristic, as Judith's fear is influenced by the frequent news reports of terrorist attacks. The availability heuristic is a cognitive bias in which people judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind or are available to them.

Question 8

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This is an example of ingroup bias, where children view their school as part of their "ingroup" and consequently view it more positively compared to other schools, which make up the "outgroup". This bias is a common tendency in social psychology, where people tend to favor those who are perceived as part of their group, in this case, their school.

Question 9

Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat.Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party.This belief best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Ingroup bias refers to the tendency for individuals to favor members of their own group (in this case, their own political party) over members of other groups. This is demonstrated by Kelly and Carlos believing that their own party members are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. It is not outgroup homogeneity, which refers to the tendency to see members of outgroups as more similar to each other than they really are. It is also not the just-world phenomenon, which is the belief that people generally get what they deserve in life. Finally, it is not scapegoating, which is the blaming of a particular group for a problem or issue, usually as a way of deflecting attention from other causes of the problem.

Question 10

Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of

Accepted Answer

Belittling or disparaging an outgroup may temporarily boost a person's self-esteem by creating a sense of superiority over the outgroup. This boost in self-esteem is known as the "downward social comparison" effect, where individuals compare themselves to those they perceive as inferior to boost their own self-worth.

Question 11

Although President Obama is of mixed race,White Americans typically perceive and label him as Black.Researchers believe this happens because White observers ________ the distinctive physical features of the less-familiar Black minority.

Accepted Answer

Selectively attending to physical features means that White observers are focusing on certain characteristics of Obama's appearance that they associate with Black individuals. This leads them to label him as Black, rather than acknowledging his mixed heritage. Stereotyping and negative attitudes may also play a role, but the given information emphasizes the importance of selective attention. Implicit associations are also mentioned, but not in the context of why Obama is perceived as Black.

Question 12

George is a college freshman.Each day on his way to class he maps out what he would need to do if there was an active shooter.He always sits by the exit in his classrooms and has an emergency number on speed dial in case of an attack.George's fear is most likely because of all the news reports of school shootings.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

George's fear is most likely due to the availability heuristic, as he has been exposed to numerous news reports about school shootings and thus believes it is a more common occurrence than it actually is. Explicit bias refers to conscious, intentional prejudices against a certain group, the just-world phenomenon is the belief that people get what they deserve in life, and ingroup bias is favoring one's own group over others. None of these concepts apply to George's situation.

Question 13

Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes,whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes.The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of

Accepted Answer

The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians, despite the equal number of arrests, illustrates the power of vivid cases. Violent crimes are typically more memorable and impactful than nonviolent crimes, leading people to overestimate their frequency or significance.

Question 14

In the United States during the late 1980s,most Democrats wrongly believed that inflation had risen under Republican president Ronald Reagan.In 2010,most Republicans wrongly believed that taxes had increased under Democratic president Barack Obama.These incorrect beliefs best illustrate the impact of

Accepted Answer

The given scenario reflects the presence of ingroup bias, as both Democrats and Republicans are incorrectly attributing negative economic consequences to the opposing political party. Ingroup bias refers to the tendency for individuals to favor their own group (in this case, their own political party) over others.

Question 15

The tendency to categorize people on the basis of their gender is most likely to lead Jack to believe that

Accepted Answer

The tendency to categorize people on the basis of their gender can lead to stereotypes and assumptions about the attitudes and behaviors of individuals. In this case, Jack may believe that all women have similar attitudes about sex, which is a stereotype and not necessarily true for every individual woman.

Question 16

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called

Accepted Answer

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called the other-race effect.

Question 17

The violent crimes of some group members inflate people's judgments of the crime rate within the entire group because the instances of violent crime are

Accepted Answer

Memorable cases stick out in people's minds more than other events, leading to an overestimation of the frequency of those events. In this case, the violent crimes committed by certain members of a group become more memorable than other events, which may lead people to believe that the crime rate within the entire group is higher than it actually is.

Question 18

White children are better at recognizing White faces than Black faces.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

The other-race effect is the phenomenon where people are better at recognizing faces of their own race compared to other races. This is also known as the cross-race effect or own-race bias. White children being better at recognizing White faces than Black faces is an example of the other-race effect.

Question 19

Our selective attention is drawn to distinctive features of a less-familiar minority.Therefore,a person who does not fit easily into our racial categories will

Accepted Answer

The answer of Our selective attention is drawn to distinctive...

Question 20

The tendency,after an event has occurred,to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome is called

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias is the tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one would have predicted or expected the outcome. This bias can lead to overconfidence in one's ability to predict future events. Option A, B, and D are unrelated to the given phenomenon.

Quiz 12: Social Psychology