Question 1

Learned helplessness is most likely to be associated with

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a belief that one's actions are futile and that outcomes are beyond one's control. This belief is associated with an external locus of control, in which individuals perceive that their environment, luck, or others have greater influence over their outcomes than their own actions do.

Question 2

The ability to delay immediate gratification of our impulses best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The ability to delay immediate gratification of our impulses is a hallmark of self-control. Self-control is the ability to restrain oneself from acting on immediate impulses in order to achieve long-term goals. This ability is associated with various positive outcomes, such as better academic and career prospects, higher income, and better physical health.

Question 3

Dogs strapped in a harness and given repeated shocks that they could not avoid developed

Accepted Answer

The situation described in the question is an example of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness results from repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative events or stimuli, causing individuals to feel powerless and helpless in the face of future stressful situations. Dogs who were strapped in a harness and given repeated shocks that they could not avoid are a classic example of learned helplessness, as they were unable to control or avoid the shocks and eventually gave up trying to escape or avoid them. Choice A is incorrect because Type B personality is a general term used to describe a relaxed and easy-going individual, and there is no indication of how the dogs' shock treatment relates to their personality. Choice B is incorrect because an internal locus of control refers to an individual's belief that they have control over the events that affect their lives, whereas the dogs in this situation had no control over the shocks they received. Choice D is incorrect because problem-focused coping refers to a strategy of confronting and addressing the root causes of a problem, which is not relevant in this particular scenario.

Question 4

Psychologists used ________ to study the development of learned helplessness in dogs.They used ________ to study differences between people with a more internal locus of control and those with a more external locus of control.

Accepted Answer

Experimental research was used to study learned helplessness in dogs by subjecting them to situations where they had no control over aversive stimuli, leading to passive behavior. Correlational research is used to study the relationship between variables, such as the locus of control and its effects on behavior, without manipulating the variables.

Question 5

Rosana believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time.Her belief most clearly illustrates

Accepted Answer

Rosana's belief that her success in business is the result of her hard work and time management reflects an internal locus of control, meaning she believes that her actions and abilities determine the outcome rather than external factors beyond her control.

Question 6

Those with an internal locus of control act ________ independently and feel ________ depressed than those with an external locus of control.

Accepted Answer

People with an internal locus of control believe they have control over their own lives, leading them to act more independently and feel less depressed compared to those with an external locus of control, who attribute their circumstances to external factors.

Question 7

A belief in free will is most likely to be associated with

Accepted Answer

An internal locus of control refers to the belief that one's actions and outcomes are largely determined by their own choices and abilities, rather than external factors such as luck or fate. This aligns with the concept of free will, which suggests that individuals have the ability to make choices and control their own lives. Therefore, those with an internal locus of control are more likely to believe in free will.

Question 8

Perceived loss of control is most likely to be accompanied by elevated levels of

Accepted Answer

Perceived loss of control is a type of stressor that can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands. High levels of cortisol have been associated with negative health outcomes, including impaired immune function, increased risk of chronic disease, and psychological distress. Therefore, elevated levels of cortisol are the most likely physiological response to a perceived loss of control.

Question 9

Research has connected all of the following with high levels of self-control EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The question is asking for the answer that is not connected with high levels of self-control. A, C, and D have all been connected to high levels of self-control, so the answer must be B, which is the opposite. Low personal control is not connected to high levels of self-control.

Question 10

Laura and Tom don't think using a condom will have any impact on whether Laura gets pregnant.Their lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of

Accepted Answer

The fact that Laura and Tom do not think using a condom will have any impact on whether Laura gets pregnant suggests that they have an external locus of control. This means that they believe that external factors, such as luck or chance, are more influential in determining outcomes than their own actions. This lack of awareness or understanding of cause and effect can have potentially dangerous consequences, such as unintended pregnancy.

Question 11

Compared to those with an external locus of control,people who perceive an internal locus of control are more likely to

Accepted Answer

People who perceive an internal locus of control believe that they are in charge of their own lives and outcomes. As a result, they are more likely to cope effectively with stressors, as they believe that they have the power to change their circumstances. This can lead to better mental health outcomes and a decreased risk of developing stress-related conditions like high blood pressure. They are also less likely to conform to social pressure, as they believe in their own agency and ability to make decisions for themselves. Shyness is not necessarily related to locus of control, as both internal and external individuals can exhibit shy personalities.

Question 12

Those who perceive an internal locus of control believe that

Accepted Answer

Those who perceive an internal locus of control believe that individuals can influence their own outcomes in life. The other choices are not related to the concept of locus of control.

Question 13

A loss of perceived control tends to result in

Accepted Answer

A loss of perceived control can lead to reduced immune responses, as stress hormones such as cortisol can weaken the immune system. Low blood pressure and low blood sugar levels are not typically associated with a loss of perceived control. Problem-focused coping may be one strategy used to regain control, but it is not a direct result of a loss of perceived control.

Question 14

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp,Mr.Sternberg became apathetic,stopped eating,and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal.Mr.Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

Accepted Answer

Mr. Sternberg's behavior indicates learned helplessness, which is a psychological state in which an individual learns to feel powerless and helpless in a situation where they have no control. In this case, Mr. Sternberg was unable to escape the brutalities of the concentration camp and therefore gave up trying to physically survive the ordeal.

Question 15

A perceived loss of control is associated with ________ stress hormone levels and ________ immune system activity.

Accepted Answer

Perceived loss of control is associated with increased levels of stress hormone cortisol and decreased immune system activity.

Question 16

Elderly nursing home residents tend to decline faster and die sooner than they would otherwise if they lack

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that elderly nursing home residents who feel a sense of control and autonomy over their daily lives tend to have better health outcomes and live longer than those who lack this sense of control. Biofeedback, mindfulness meditation, and Type A personalities are not strong predictors of health outcomes in elderly nursing home residents.

Question 17

British workers in executive positions live longer than those in clerical positions.This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

The fact that British workers in executive positions live longer than those in clerical positions suggests that perceived control plays a role in health outcomes. Individuals in higher positions of authority may feel a greater sense of control over their work and lives, which could contribute to better health.

Question 18

Sasha believes that the questions on college tests are so unrelated to course work that studying is useless.Sasha's belief most clearly illustrates

Accepted Answer

Sasha's belief that studying is useless, implies that she does not have control or influence over her grades, indicating an external locus of control.

Question 19

Perceived loss of control is likely to be accompanied by ________ cortisol levels and ________ blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

Perceived loss of control is stressful and activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased cortisol secretion. Increased cortisol levels can also cause an increase in blood pressure, known as the “cortisol-blood pressure” response. Therefore, perceived loss of control is likely to be accompanied by increased cortisol levels and increased blood pressure.

Question 20

The perception that our fate is determined by chance reflects

Accepted Answer

The perception that our fate is determined by chance reflects an external locus of control, meaning that individuals believe their lives are largely influenced by factors outside of their control.

Quiz 11: Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing