Question 1

Sodium concentration in the urine will be maintained due to the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)exhibiting

Accepted Answer

The loop of the nephron, specifically the ascending limb, exhibits both passive and active release of sodium. This helps maintain sodium concentration in the urine. Additionally, the loop also plays a role in reabsorbing water.

Question 2

In the kidney mechanism for buffering the acidity of the blood,when would hydrogen ions be excreted and bicarbonate ions be reabsorbed?

Accepted Answer

The kidney mechanism for buffering the acidity of the blood involves the excretion of hydrogen ions and the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions when the blood is acidic. This helps to maintain a stable pH in the body. If the blood is too basic, the kidney will excrete bicarbonate ions and reabsorb hydrogen ions. However, the kidney does not perform these functions when the lung system is not working, as both systems work in coordination to maintain pH balance in the body.

Question 3

An increased amount of ADH leads to

Accepted Answer

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to a decreased amount of urine produced.

Question 4

The structure which monitors blood pressure in the kidney is called the

Accepted Answer

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is the structure in the kidney that monitors blood pressure. It is composed of specialized cells in the afferent arterioles, the macula densa, and the juxtaglomerular cells, which work together to regulate blood flow and pressure in the kidney.

Question 5

Which statement is NOT true about ADH?

Accepted Answer

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone), also known as vasopressin, is not secreted by the adrenal gland. It is produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. The adrenal gland secretes hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline.

Question 6

The overall effect of renin release will be to

Accepted Answer

Renin release stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which ultimately increases blood pressure to maintain homeostasis.

Question 7

Glucose is found in glomerular filtrate but NOT in the urine because

Accepted Answer

Glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream by the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron, which has glucose transporters that allow glucose to be transported back into the bloodstream. This process is called glucose reabsorption and ensures that glucose is not lost in the urine.

Question 8

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

Accepted Answer

Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidneys, while urethral infection is called urethritis.

Question 9

Which of the following is not normally found in the glomerular filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtration occurs in the kidney and allows for the filtration of small molecules from the blood into the nephron. While water, nitrogenous wastes, glucose, and salts are all normally found in the glomerular filtrate, red blood cells are typically too large to pass through the filtration membrane and are therefore not present in the filtrate.

Question 10

Ammonia in urine is NOT evidence of

Accepted Answer

Ammonia in urine is not evidence of the need to reabsorb more water. It is produced by tubule cells deaminating amino acids and serves as a mechanism to neutralize acidic urine and buffer excess hydrogen ions in urine, helping to regulate the pH of body fluids.

Question 11

The loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)

Accepted Answer

The loop of Henle creates a high osmotic pressure in the medulla, which is necessary to concentrate urine and reabsorb water. Glucose reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, not in the loop of Henle. The loop of Henle also does not create a low osmotic pressure in the cortex.

Question 12

Which mechanism used to form urine requires a high blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtration is the mechanism in which fluid and solutes are filtered from the blood into the renal tubules. This process requires a high blood pressure to push the blood through the glomeruli and into the filtration membrane. As a result, glomerular filtration is highly dependent on the maintenance of normal blood pressure levels.

Question 13

If the blood is alkaline,

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the blood is alkaline,
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Question 14

The glomerular (Bowman's)capsule

Accepted Answer

The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is responsible for filtering material from the blood in the first step of urine formation. It does not return material to the blood, make urea, contain urine in its final state, or reabsorb materials not to be excreted.

Question 15

Patients with diabetes mellitus have frequent urination and increased thirst because

Accepted Answer

Patients with diabetes mellitus have high levels of glucose in their blood. This excess glucose spills over into the urine, increasing the osmolarity of the urine. As a result, less water is reabsorbed by the blood from the kidney tubules, leading to increased urination and increased thirst.

Question 16

The kidney was one of the first organs to be successfully transplanted because it is so encapsulated and has limited vessels feeding into or out of it.How many major vessels must be cut in transplant surgery for one kidney?

Accepted Answer

In transplant surgery for one kidney, three major vessels must be cut: the renal artery and vein and one ureter. The urethra is not cut in the transplant surgery as it is connected to the bladder, which remains in the recipient's body. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Question 17

The prostate gland in older men may block the flow of fluid in the

Accepted Answer

The prostate gland is located around the urethra in men and can enlarge with age, which can cause the urethra to narrow or become blocked. This can lead to difficulty urinating and potentially other complications.

Question 18

Which is NOT a correct step in the hormone regulation of blood pressure and reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

High blood pressure does not cause the kidneys to secrete aldosterone. Instead, aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal glands in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume.

Question 19

Which of the following is a nonfilterable component of the blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin is a protein that is too large to be filtered through the glomerulus in the kidney, making it a nonfilterable component of the blood. Urea, glucose, amino acids, and sodium chloride are all smaller molecules that can be filtered by the glomerulus.

Question 20

Damage to the nephrons can lead to uremia,which is characterized by

Accepted Answer

Uremia is a condition where there is an accumulation of urea and other waste products in the blood due to the inability of the kidneys to filter them properly. This occurs when the nephrons are damaged, leading to reduced filtration and accumulation of waste products in the blood.

Quiz 16: Urinary System and Excretion

Sodium concentration in the urine will be maintained due to the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle) exhibiting