Question 1

How might you design an experiment to determine whether older people are more spiritual because of their age or because of the adversity they have faced? What do you hypothesize about the results?

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Question 2

Compare and contrast two fictitious individuals, one in the general stage of individuality and one in the general stage of integration, using two of the following theories: Loevinger's, Fowler's, Maslow's, and/or Kohlberg's. Provide detail about moral reasoning, personality development, and applied examples of the individuals' choices and behaviors.

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Question 3

Gary Reker finds that older adults in his cross-sectional study place more emphasis on "collectivism" and on "self-transcendent" meaning.
a. How do these findings fit with the possible shared changes in personality in later adulthood discussed in the text?
b. How could you account for Reker's findings based on cohort differences?

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Question 4

A criticism that is often leveled against Loevinger, Kohlberg, and Fowler is that the techniques they use to measure stage development are heavily verbal, so that better educated or more verbal adults are likely to score higher on the scales. How could you reply to this criticism if you were one of these theorists? What sort of evidence would you have to provide to counter such a criticism?

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Question 5

Suppose you were interested in testing the basic hypotheses in Fowler's theory of faith development. Briefly describe a study you could do that would provide such a test, and indicate just how the results should come out if Fowler is correct.

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Question 6

What explanations could you suggest for women attending religious services more frequently than men? How does this fit with other gender differences you have studied in this book?

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Question 7

Briefly describe Carol Gilligan's central argument against Kohlberg's model of moral development.

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Question 8

Read the following moral dilemma, how might an adult make a moral decision that reflects the post conventional level (or principled) of reasoning?

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Question 9

What is it about attending college that seems to be influential in triggering a shift to an individualistic mode of reasoning or meaning? Is (or was) your own college experience like this?

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Quiz 9: The Quest for Meaning