Question 1

Four-year-old Maria is sharing one of her favorite toys with her younger brother. In the context of the developmental progression described by William Damon, Maria's sharing is most likely motivated by a sense of

Accepted Answer

The answer of Four-year-old Maria is sharing one of her...

Question 2

Identify a true statement about Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development because it put justice at the heart of morality and failed to take into account the importance of care and compassion in ethical decision making, especially among women. Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory was primarily focused on an individualistic, male-centric view of morality and did not adequately account for the role of relationships and interconnectedness in ethical reasoning. Therefore, option D is the true statement about Gilligan's criticism of Kohlberg's theory.

Question 3

In the context of domain theory, which of the following scenarios best represents social conventional reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Social conventional reasoning involves understanding and following the rules and expectations of society, such as raising your hand before speaking in a classroom setting. Choices B, C, and D involve more practical or moral reasoning.

Question 4

In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) ________ perspective, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

Accepted Answer

Gilligan's theory emphasizes care and relationships with others, in contrast to Kohlberg's theory which focuses on justice and individual rights. Therefore, the best choice is B - care.

Question 5

It is common to hear children start using the word fair as a synonym for equal or same starting at around ________ years of age.

Accepted Answer

The answer of It is common to hear children start...

Question 6

Which of the following statements reflects Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development as being based on a male norm that values abstract principles over relationships and concern for others. She argued that Kohlberg's model neglects the unique moral reasoning of women, who tend to prioritize care and compassion in their moral decision-making.

Question 7

Males report experiencing and expressing more ________ than do females.

Accepted Answer

Research studies have consistently found that men report feeling and expressing more anger than women. There are several possible cultural and social explanations for this difference, including gendered expectations for emotional expression and the societal privilege accorded to male assertiveness and aggression.

Question 8

In the context of domain theory, moral rules are widely accepted, somewhat impersonal, and

Accepted Answer

Moral rules are widely accepted and apply to all individuals, not just certain individuals. They are also somewhat impersonal, meaning they are not based on personal preferences or desires. However, moral rules are not arbitrary (choice A) or subject to change by social consensus (choice D). Therefore, the best choice is B, obligatory.

Question 9

Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females, such as "boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls," are known as gender

Accepted Answer

Gender stereotypes are broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females. The other choices, such as gender identities, constancies, and roles, are related to gender but do not specifically refer to stereotypes.

Question 10

According to research studies, in which of the following areas do girls exhibit better skills than boys?

Accepted Answer

Research studies have consistently shown that girls perform better in verbal skills than boys. This includes abilities in reading, writing, and language usage.

Question 11

With regard to morality, Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principles rather than on relationships and concern for others. Therefore, she has a(n) ________ perspective on morality.

Accepted Answer

Nasrin's belief in focusing on abstract principles aligns with a justice perspective on morality, which emphasizes equal treatment and adherence to rules and laws. This is different from a care perspective which focuses on compassion and concern for others, and a prosocial perspective which promotes behaviors that benefit other people. Nasrin's perspective may be seen as unconventional or non-traditional, but this is not necessarily the primary descriptor for her views on morality.

Question 12

One area of math in which boys are found to be better at is

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that males tend to outperform females in tasks that require visuospatial skills, such as mental rotation tasks and spatial visualization tasks. This is thought to be due to differences in brain structure and function between males and females.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true of the developmental changes in parent-child relationships?

Accepted Answer

As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend less time with them because children are more independent and have their own activities and interests. However, parents still have a significant impact on children's development and well-being during this period.

Question 14

Fernando does not cut in line, raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following best describes Fernando's reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Fernando's reasoning is based on adherence to social conventions, or rules that have been established by society for the purpose of maintaining order and structure. This type of reasoning is known as social conventional reasoning.

Question 15

Children's sharing comes to reflect a more complex sense of what is just and right during

Accepted Answer

Children's sense of justice and fairness develops gradually throughout childhood, and research suggests that it becomes more complex during middle and late childhood as children become more able to understand multiple perspectives and consider intentions and motives in their decision-making about sharing. Therefore, the best choice is C: middle and late childhood.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of the criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory have focused on how it was developed within a Western, individualistic cultural context and may not fully account for important moral concepts and values that are specific to other cultures.

Question 17

Which of the following is true of the differences in the helping behavior of males and females?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that males are more helpful when the situation involves competition or displays of strength, which are considered masculine traits. Females, on the other hand, are more likely to engage in caregiving behavior and are helpful in a wider range of contexts. The option A is not correct because females are not always helpful irrespective of the situation. Option C is incorrect as males and females are equally likely to engage in caregiving behavior. Option D is not entirely correct, as females tend to help regardless of the gender of the person involved.

Question 18

Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that

Accepted Answer

Multiple studies have found that females tend to engage in more prosocial behavior, such as helping, sharing, and comforting, than males do. This difference is often attributed to socialization practices, as girls are typically encouraged to be nurturing and caretaking. However, it's important to note that individual differences within genders are significant and that males can also demonstrate high levels of prosocial behavior.

Question 19

Tamara often tells her daughter that a well-adjusted girl is supposed to be dependent, nurturing, and uninterested in power. She also believes that girls should learn to cook and take care of the household. Tamara's notion reflects

Accepted Answer

Tamara's beliefs reflect gender stereotypes, as she has generalizations about what girls "should" or "shouldn't" be interested in or capable of based solely on their gender. Gender constancies refer to the understanding that one's gender remains the same over time, regardless of changes in appearance or interests. Gender identities refer to a person's internal sense of their gender, which may or may not align with societal expectations. Gender schemas are cognitive frameworks that individuals use to organize and process information related to gender.

Question 20

Individuals who ________ have the moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment.

Accepted Answer

Individuals characterized as moral exemplars are those who possess a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment. This term specifically refers to people who are outstanding examples of moral behavior, unlike the other options which are either too narrow or unrelated to the concept of moral excellence and commitment.

Quiz 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood