Question 1

Most ________ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.
A) unconscious
B) primary
C) negative
D) self-conscious

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions, such as embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt, typically begin to emerge in the second half of the first year through the second year of life as children start to develop a sense of self-awareness.

Question 2

Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that ________ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.
A) the lack of innate emotions in the infant brain
B) the structural immaturity of the infant brain
C) incomplete myelination in the first two months
D) the lack of reciprocity of emotional expressions

Accepted Answer

Jerome Kagan and other experts on infant socioemotional development have concluded that the structural immaturity of the infant brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex, makes it unlikely that infants are capable of experiencing emotions that require thought or complex cognitive processing in the first year of life. This is because the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functions like decision-making and impulse control as well as emotional regulation, is not fully developed until later in childhood.

Question 3

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as ________.
A) temperament
B) emotions
C) personality trait
D) feeling states

Accepted Answer

Emotions are defined as subjective responses to a situation that are accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes. They are important to a person's well-being because they can guide behavior, influence decision-making, and communicate information to others. Temperament refers to a person's innate behavioral and emotional characteristics, personality traits are enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and feeling states are transient emotional experiences.

Question 4

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is
A) experiencing pain.
B) experiencing embarrassment.
C) very angry.
D) very hungry.

Accepted Answer

The sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding is a typical pain cry in infants. Trey may be experiencing discomfort or pain.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?
A) Self-conscious emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.
B) Social relationships seldom provide the setting for the development of emotions.
C) Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional.
D) Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences.

Accepted Answer

Emotions are believed to have evolved as adaptive responses to environmental stimuli that offer survival benefits. They serve as internal cues to guide behavior and communicate information to others, which facilitated human evolution.

Question 6

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on an infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?
A) The structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year.
B) Infants characterized by negative affectivity are more prone to experience such emotions in the first year.
C) The excitability of the amygdala plays an important role in the development of such emotions.
D) Cultural differences in temperament prevent Asian infants from experiencing such emotions in the first year.

Accepted Answer

Experts like Jerome Kagan argue that the structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely for infants to experience complex emotions such as guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year. These emotions require a level of cognitive development that infants have not yet achieved.

Question 7

The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to
A) the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.
B) parental history of emotional control.
C) the pace of myelination in the parietal lobe.
D) the growth of the cerebellum in the initial four months after birth.

Accepted Answer

The frontal regions of the cerebral cortex are responsible for regulating emotions, and their gradual maturation allows infants to better regulate their emotions over time.

Question 8

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?
A) other-conscious
B) innate
C) regulated
D) synchronous

Accepted Answer

The term used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants is "synchronous." This refers to the coordinated and attuned exchange of signals between the infant and caregiver, where each adapts their behavior to the other in a fluid and responsive manner. The other options (A, B, and C) do not directly describe this specific type of interaction between parents and infants.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true of crying?
A) Newborns seldom use crying as a means of communication.
B) The first cry verifies that the infant's lungs are filled with fluids.
C) Cries provide information about the health of the newborn's central nervous system.
D) Excessive infant crying in 3-month-olds triples the risk of behavioral, hyperactive, and mood problems at 5 to 6 years of age.

Accepted Answer

Cries are an important indicator of the newborn's neurological state and can provide valuable information about their central nervous system's health.

Question 10

Which of the following is a primary emotion?
A) shame
B) anger
C) jealousy
D) pride

Accepted Answer

Anger is considered a primary emotion as it is a natural and instinctive response to a perceived threat or injustice. It is experienced universally across cultures and does not require complex cognitive processes. Shame, jealousy, and pride are considered secondary emotions as they typically arise from social and cultural learning and involve more complex cognitive processes.

Question 11

Emotions that are present in humans and animals and that appear in the first 6 months of the human infant's development are known as
A) primitive emotions.
B) innate emotions.
C) primary emotions.
D) evolved emotions.

Accepted Answer

These emotions are generally considered primary emotions, as they are present in both humans and animals and seem to be innate and universal across cultures. The term "primitive emotions" may imply a negative connotation or suggest that they are less developed, while "innate emotions" may be too broad and not specific enough to these particular emotions. "Evolved emotions" may suggest that they developed over time, but they are believed to be present from the earliest stages of development.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?
A) Emotions are generally classified as positive or negative.
B) Emotions are seldom influenced by biological foundations and experiences.
C) The ability to regulate emotions is present at birth.
D) Self-conscious emotions are the first to develop in an infant.

Accepted Answer

Emotions are commonly categorized as positive (such as joy and happiness) or negative (such as anger and sadness). This classification is widely accepted in the field of psychology. The other options are not accurate. Emotions are influenced by biological factors and experiences, and the ability to regulate emotions develops over time. Infants first develop basic emotions, such as joy and sadness, before developing self-conscious emotions like embarrassment and guilt.

Question 13

Molly is an 18-month-old child who shows an "other-conscious" emotion when her caregiver praises her for doing a certain task in the presence of other children her age. Identify the emotion being described in this scenario.
A) interest
B) pride
C) disgust
D) fear

Accepted Answer

The described emotion is pride, which involves feeling good about one's accomplishments or being recognized for them. Molly is showing pride in her abilities when she seeks praise from her caregiver and is happy to receive it in front of her peers.

Question 14

Five-month-old Caitlyn demonstrates surprise when an unexpected event occurs. This is a demonstration of a(n) ________ emotion.
A) negative
B) self-conscious
C) other-conscious
D) primary

Accepted Answer

Primary emotions are the basic emotions, which are innate and biologically determined. Surprise is considered a primary emotion as it is present in infants from a very young age, and it is a basic and natural response to unexpected events.

Question 15

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?
A) cognition
B) communication
C) sensation
D) suckling

Accepted Answer

During infancy, emotions play an important role in communication with others, such as expressing needs, desires, and discomfort. Infants use facial expressions, crying, and body movements to convey their emotions and communicate with their caregivers.

Question 16

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in ________.
A) independence
B) reciprocal socialization
C) sensation
D) behavioral organization

Accepted Answer

Emotions in infancy serve as a means of organizing behavior and directing attention towards important stimuli. Emotions also help infants communicate their needs and desires to caregivers, which promotes reciprocal socialization. While independence and sensation may also be influenced by emotions, they are not as central to emotional development in infancy as behavioral organization. Thus, the best choice is D.

Question 17

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend who has come over for a play date teases her about wearing nighttime diapers. This is an example of ________ emotions.
A) primary
B) other worldly
C) other-conscious
D) conscious

Accepted Answer

The situation described involves Makiko feeling ashamed due to the teasing of her friend. This is an example of other-conscious emotions, which refer to emotions that arise specifically due to the reactions and opinions of others towards us. The emotions can influence our sense of self and our perception of how we are seen or valued by others.

Question 18

Mark is a 4-month-old toddler. Which of the following emotions would he show at this age?
A) primary
B) tertiary
C) other-conscious
D) self-conscious

Accepted Answer

At 4 months old, Mark is too young to show tertiary, other-conscious, or self-conscious emotions. He is only capable of showing primary emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?
A) They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals.
B) These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant's development.
C) They include emotions like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
D) They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions are those that require self-awareness and an understanding of one's own actions and the actions of others. These include emotions like guilt, shame, and embarrassment, and they involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated. Option A is incorrect because self-conscious emotions are unique to humans and are not present in other animals. Option B is incorrect because most self-conscious emotions do not appear until later in infancy or early childhood. Option C is incorrect because the emotions listed are not all self-conscious emotions, and not all self-conscious emotions are listed.

Question 20

Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) ________ emotion.
A) primary
B) self-conscious
C) negative
D) unconscious

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions involve feelings that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others' reactions to us. Mario bringing his teddy bear to comfort his mother shows empathy and understanding, which are aspects of self-conscious emotions.

Quiz 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Most ________ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that ________ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as ________.

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on an infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?

The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

Which of the following statements is true of crying?

Which of the following is a primary emotion?

Emotions that are present in humans and animals and that appear in the first 6 months of the human infant's development are known as

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

Molly is an 18-month-old child who shows an "other-conscious" emotion when her caregiver praises her for doing a certain task in the presence of other children her age. Identify the emotion being described in this scenario.

Five-month-old Caitlyn demonstrates surprise when an unexpected event occurs. This is a demonstration of a(n) ________ emotion.

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in ________.

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend who has come over for a play date teases her about wearing nighttime diapers. This is an example of ________ emotions.

Mark is a 4-month-old toddler. Which of the following emotions would he show at this age?

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?

Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) ________ emotion.