Question 1

When managers apply the _____________ theory of ethical decision making, they believe their only responsibility is to increase the profits of the business without violating the law or engaging in fraudulent practices.

Accepted Answer

The stockholder theory promotes prioritizing the interests of shareholders above all else, including any social or environmental considerations. The focus is solely on maximizing profits within legal and ethical boundaries.

Question 2

When managers apply the _____________ theory of ethical decision making, they believe that companies have ethical responsibilities to all members of society.

Accepted Answer

The social contract theory suggests that businesses have ethical obligations to society as a whole, not just to specific groups like stakeholders or stockholders.

Question 3

One of the major principles of technology ethics is that even if judged acceptable by the other three guidelines, the technology must be implemented so as to avoid all unnecessary risk. This principle is:

Accepted Answer

The principle outlined in the question, "the technology must be implemented so as to avoid all unnecessary risk," is directly related to the principle of minimized risk. The other three listed principles are important considerations for technology ethics but do not specifically address the issue of risk mitigation.

Question 4

_______________ means getting access to a computer system, reading some files, but neither stealing nor damaging anything.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______________ means getting access to a computer...

Question 5

According to the text, companies are protecting themselves from computer crime by using:

Accepted Answer

All of the choices listed (antivirus software, intrusion-detection systems, and biometrics) are commonly used by companies to protect themselves from computer crime. Each of these methods addresses a different type of threat, with antivirus software protecting against malware, intrusion-detection systems monitoring for unauthorized access, and biometrics providing secure authentication methods. Therefore, the best choice is D as all of the listed options are commonly used together for comprehensive protection.

Question 6

The text defines a ________________ as a person who maintains knowledge of the vulnerabilities he or she finds and exploits them for private advantage, not revealing them to either the general public or the manufacturer for correction.

Accepted Answer

The definition given matches that of a cracker, as they exploit vulnerabilities for personal gain and do not disclose them to the public or manufacturer. A hacker may find vulnerabilities but may choose to report them for the good of improving security. Cyber-slacking refers to wasting time on the internet while at work, and resource theft involves taking company property without permission.

Question 7

One of the major principles of technology ethics is that the good achieved by the technology must outweigh the harm or risk. Moreover, there must be no alternative that achieves the same or comparable benefits with less harm or risk. This principle is:

Accepted Answer

This principle is known as the principle of proportionality, which states that the benefits of a technology must outweigh the risks and harms associated with it. Additionally, there must not be any other alternatives that achieve similar benefits with less risk or harm.

Question 8

According to the text, all of the following statements are included in the definition of computer crime except:

Accepted Answer

The definition of computer crime includes unauthorized modification, release, and copying of software or data, but does not include unauthorized distribution of public domain software.

Question 9

The stakeholder theory maintains that:

Accepted Answer

The stakeholder theory argues that managers have an ethical responsibility to manage a firm for the benefit of all individuals and groups that have a claim on a company, not just the shareholders. This includes employees, customers, suppliers, communities, and the environment, among others. The theory recognizes that corporations exist within a social context and have ethical responsibilities to all members of society, not just their owners or shareholders.

Question 10

Sifting through a company's garbage looking for information to help break into the company's computers; sometimes used in conjunction with social engineering is called:

Accepted Answer

Dumpster diving involves physically going through a company's trash in search of sensitive information, such as passwords, memos, or company phone directories. This information can then be used in social engineering attacks to gain unauthorized access to the company's computer systems.

Question 11

Talking unsuspecting company employees out of valuable information such as passwords is called:

Accepted Answer

Social engineering is a technique used to manipulate individuals into divulging confidential information or providing access to restricted areas. This is often done through deception or trickery, such as posing as a legitimate authority figure, to gain the victim's trust and convince them to reveal sensitive information.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the ethical principle of informed consent?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent requires that those affected by technology understand and accept the risks involved. This means that the individuals must have all the necessary information about the risks and benefits of the technology before consenting to its use. Informed consent is an essential ethical principle in medical research and clinical practice.

Question 13

_______________ is/are the most commonly used security technology at large companies.

Accepted Answer

Antivirus software is the most commonly used security technology at large companies due to its effectiveness in detecting, preventing, and removing malware threats.

Question 14

When managers apply the _____________ theory of ethical decision making, they believe that managers have an ethical responsibility to manage a firm for the benefit of all individuals and groups that have a claim on a company.

Accepted Answer

The stakeholder theory of ethical decision making holds that managers have an ethical responsibility to manage a firm for the benefit of all individuals and groups that have a stake in the company's operations, including employees, customers, suppliers, shareholders, and the broader community. This is in contrast to the stockholder theory, which prioritizes the interests of shareholders above all other groups. The social contract theory is related to stakeholder theory in that it also emphasizes the responsibilities of businesses to society as a whole. The Midas theory is not a recognized ethical theory of decision making.

Question 15

The social contract theory maintains that:

Accepted Answer

The social contract theory suggests that companies have ethical responsibilities to society as a whole, which allows them to exist based on an implicit social contract with the community.

Question 16

All of the following are AITP standards of professional conduct related to a person's obligation to society except:

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following are AITP standards...

Question 17

The text defines ________________ as the obsessive use of computers, or the unauthorized access and use of networked computer systems.

Accepted Answer

Hacking is commonly defined as the obsessive use of computers or the unauthorized access and use of networked computer systems.

Question 18

Hammering a Web site's equipment with too many requests for information, slowing performance or even crashing the site is called:

Accepted Answer

Denial of service (DoS) is a cyber attack in which the attacker seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the internet. This is done by overwhelming the system with traffic or requests for information, causing it to slow down or crash. A logic bomb is a code that is inserted into a software system to execute a malicious function when certain conditions are met. A back door is a hidden entry point into a computer or software system that allows for unauthorized access. Social engineering is the use of psychological manipulation to trick individuals into divulging sensitive information or performing actions that may not be in their best interest.

Question 19

According to the text, all the following are examples of ethical behavior by organizations, except:

Accepted Answer

Stockholder theory is not an example of ethical behavior by organizations. It is a theory that suggests a company's primary responsibility is to maximize profits for its shareholders, which may not always align with ethical considerations. The other choices are examples of ethical behavior, such as prioritizing the safety and well-being of employees through measures like scheduling work breaks and preventing injuries.

Question 20

The stockholder theory maintains that:

Accepted Answer

Stockholder theory maintains that a company's primary responsibility is to maximize profits for its shareholders, and that managers are agents of the shareholders. This theory is based on the idea that shareholders own the company and therefore have the right to demand that managers act in their best interests by maximizing profits. This does not mean that managers can engage in unethical or illegal behavior to achieve this goal, but it does mean that their primary responsibility is to increase profits. This theory differs from stakeholder theory, which holds that companies have social and ethical responsibilities to multiple stakeholders, including customers, employees, the environment, and society as a whole.

Quiz 13: Security and Ethical Challenges