Question 1

Most researchers agree that the memories people say they have of their first three years of life are based on
A)unconscious memories that float to the surface.
B)family stories,photographs,and imagination.
C)actual recall of the events.
D)a special memory module for early childhood experiences.

Accepted Answer

Most researchers agree that memories of the first three years of life are not based on actual recall of events, but rather on family stories, photographs, and imagination. This is because the brain structures and processes needed to form and store long-term memories are not fully developed during early childhood. Therefore, memories from this time period are often reconstructed from sources of information other than direct experience.

Question 2

When psychological scientists examined 40 cases where wrongful conviction had been established beyond doubt,they found that _______________ of these cases had involved a false identification by one or more eyewitnesses.
A)5 percent
B)20 percent
C)50 percent
D)90 percent

Accepted Answer

In the examination of 40 cases where wrongful conviction had been established beyond doubt, psychological scientists found that 90 percent of these cases had involved a false identification by one or more eyewitnesses, highlighting the unreliability of eyewitness testimony in certain legal contexts.

Question 3

The idea of repression,the involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious,was introduced by
A)Wundt.
B)Rogers.
C)Freud.
D)McNally.

Accepted Answer

The concept of repression is a central tenet of Freud's psychoanalytic theory. He believed that individuals use repression as a defense mechanism to suppress thoughts, memories, or desires that are too threatening or uncomfortable to consciously acknowledge. Wundt is often known as the father of psychology, but his work focused more on introspection and structuralism. Rogers is associated with humanistic psychology, which emphasizes self-actualization and personal growth, but his theories did not specifically address repression. McNally is a contemporary researcher in the field of anxiety disorders, but he is not known for introducing the concept of repression.

Question 4

Modern memory research indicates that autobiographical memory likely cannot begin until
A)a child turns 1.
B)a child is able to think in the abstract.
C)a self-concept is established.
D)routines have been established.

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory is the ability to recall past personal experiences and events, which requires a sense of self. This self-concept typically begins to emerge around age 2 and becomes more developed throughout childhood, allowing for the formation of autobiographical memories. Options A and D are not accurate, as routine and basic memory formation can occur earlier in infancy, and thinking in the abstract is not a necessary precursor to autobiographical memory.

Question 5

__________ is the involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious.
A)Cue-dependent forgetting
B)Interference
C)Repression
D)Decay

Accepted Answer

Repression is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening or upsetting information out of consciousness and into the unconscious. Cue-dependent forgetting involves the inability to retrieve information in the absence of specific retrieval cues. Interference occurs when similar or competing information interferes with the retrieval of desired information. Decay is the natural fading of memory over time.

Question 6

When Sir Frederic Bartlett asked people to read unfamiliar stories and then to recite the stories to him,he found that details or morals were added to make the story coherent.

Accepted Answer

This is a true statement. Bartlett's study showed that people tended to add their own interpretations and details to unfamiliar stories in order to make them more coherent and memorable.

Question 7

Critics of repression as a mechanism of defense argue that
A)an individual can be forced into forgetting.
B)physical symptoms may be linked to forgetting.
C)people pick and choose what they want to remember.
D)in real life,the problem is usually that people cannot forget traumatic experiences.

Accepted Answer

Critics of repression argue that in real-life situations, the problem is not that people are able to forget traumatic experiences through repression, but rather that they cannot forget them and are plagued by intrusive memories and symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, option D is the best choice. Options A, B, and C are not accurate as repression does not actually force individuals to forget, physical symptoms may not always be linked to forgetting, and people may not have full control over what they remember.

Question 8

Olivia was injured in a serious car accident when she was 8 years old.Today,Olivia does not have a recollection of this event.Some psychologists would attribute this to
A)cue-dependent forgetting.
B)interference.
C)repression.
D)decay.

Accepted Answer

Repression is a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously blocks out memories that are too painful or traumatic to remember. In Olivia's case, her brain may have repressed the memory of the car accident to protect her from the emotional pain associated with the experience.

Question 9

__________ is the loss of memory for important personal information.
A)Aphasia
B)Blackout syndrome
C)Amnesia
D)Blockade syndrome

Accepted Answer

Amnesia is the loss of memory for important personal information. Aphasia is the loss of ability to speak or understand language, blackout syndrome is the loss of consciousness due to excessive alcohol consumption, and blockade syndrome is not a recognized medical condition.

Question 10

Lucio is 2 years old and has poor memory for past events.This is likely because he
A)has little ability to encode episodic memories.
B)has not yet developed arithmetic skills.
C)has an overblown,childish self-concept.
D)pushes all memories into the unconscious.

Accepted Answer

Poor memory for past events in a 2-year-old is likely due to the fact that they have little ability to encode episodic memories. Episodic memories involve specific details of time, place, and emotion, and young children have not yet developed this skill to a significant degree.

Question 11

The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later is called source misattribution.

Accepted Answer

Source misattribution is the inability to distinguish the source of information, leading to confusion between what was originally experienced and what was heard or told about the event later.

Question 12

___________ is the inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life.
A)Cue-dependent forgetting
B)Childhood amnesia
C)Repression
D)Traumatic amnesia

Accepted Answer

Childhood amnesia is the inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life. Option A, Cue-dependent forgetting, refers to the inability to retrieve information because of a lack of retrieval cues. Option C, Repression, is a defense mechanism in which unacceptable thoughts, feelings or impulses are excluded from consciousness. Option D, Traumatic amnesia, refers to the inability to recall events or experiences following a traumatic event.

Question 13

An effective way to conceptualize memory is to think of it as a movie camera that records each moment of a person's life.

Accepted Answer

Memory is not a perfect recording device; it is reconstructive and subject to biases, errors, and influences, unlike a movie camera that captures exact details.

Question 14

Contemporary memory researchers would be most likely to agree that childhood amnesia
A)occurs because the prefrontal cortex and other key brain structures aren't developed yet.
B)occurs when the ego represses id experiences until the superego forms at ages 3-6.
C)is due to the processing of so much new information that retroactive interference occurs.
D)is due to the babies' inability to access memories frequently enough before decay occurs.

Accepted Answer

Contemporary memory researchers believe that childhood amnesia occurs because the prefrontal cortex and other key brain structures aren't fully developed during early childhood, and these structures play a critical role in long-term memory storage and retrieval. As a result, young children may not be able to form and retain long-term memories until these brain structures mature.

Question 15

Amnesia can be organic,for example resulting from _______________,or psychogenic ( i.e. ,resulting from _______________).
A)a head injury;a brain disease
B)a head injury;emotional shock
C)emotional shock;a brain disease
D)emotional shock;a head injury

Accepted Answer

Organic amnesia can result from head injury or brain disease, while psychogenic amnesia can result from emotional shock. Only option B provides one of each type of cause.

Question 16

Research on autobiographical memory indicates that most adults cannot recall any events until about
A)3 to 6 months of age.
B)6 to 18 months of age.
C)18 to 24 months of age.
D)3 to 4 years of age.

Accepted Answer

Most adults cannot recall events from the first few years of life, a phenomenon known as childhood amnesia, which typically extends until about 3 to 4 years of age.

Question 17

Mariska cannot remember events that occurred in her life prior to 3 years of age.She is experiencing
A)cue-dependent forgetting.
B)childhood amnesia.
C)repression.
D)traumatic amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Childhood amnesia refers to the inability of adults to recall events that occurred in their early childhood, typically before the age of 3-4 years old. This phenomenon is common and is thought to be caused by underdeveloped brain regions responsible for long-term memory storage during early childhood.

Question 18

Traumatic amnesia involves
A)forgetting of specific traumatic events.
B)specifying between hurtful or nonhurtful memories.
C)a loss of so many personal memories that the person becomes psychologically traumatized.
D)forgetting caused by traumatic brain injury or disease.

Accepted Answer

Traumatic amnesia refers to the forgetting of specific traumatic events, often as a psychological defense mechanism to cope with distressing experiences.

Question 19

As a result of __________ and starting school,children learn to think like adults and can reliably remember events.
A)impoverished encoding
B)the acquisition of language skills
C)the establishment of routines
D)reconstruction of events based on photos and family stories

Accepted Answer

The acquisition of language skills is a crucial developmental step that allows children to think abstractly and logically, leading to more accurate memory recall. Both language skills and schooling play a significant role in cognitive development and memory processes, allowing children to think and remember more like adults. Impoverished encoding, the establishment of routines, and reconstruction of events may have some impact on memory but are not the primary factors contributing to the development of adult-like thinking and reliable memory recall in children.

Question 20

The debate over traumatic amnesia and repression exploded in the 1990s when
A)inner-city violence increased across the United States.
B)claims of physical abuse in day care centers began to occur.
C)claims of recovered memories of sexual abuse began to occur.
D)studies were conducted on pregnant teenage mothers.

Accepted Answer

The debate over traumatic amnesia and repression exploded in the 1990s when claims of recovered memories of sexual abuse began to occur. This led to a controversial discussion among psychologists and legal professionals regarding the validity and accuracy of these memories, particularly in cases where there was no corroborating evidence.

Quiz 8: Memory

Most researchers agree that the memories people say they have of their first three years of life are based on

When psychological scientists examined 40 cases where wrongful conviction had been established beyond doubt,they found that _______________ of these cases had involved a false identification by one or more eyewitnesses.

The idea of repression,the involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious,was introduced by

Modern memory research indicates that autobiographical memory likely cannot begin until

__________ is the involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious.

When Sir Frederic Bartlett asked people to read unfamiliar stories and then to recite the stories to him,he found that details or morals were added to make the story coherent.

Critics of repression as a mechanism of defense argue that

Olivia was injured in a serious car accident when she was 8 years old.Today,Olivia does not have a recollection of this event.Some psychologists would attribute this to

__________ is the loss of memory for important personal information.

Lucio is 2 years old and has poor memory for past events.This is likely because he

The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later is called source misattribution.

___________ is the inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life.

An effective way to conceptualize memory is to think of it as a movie camera that records each moment of a person's life.

Contemporary memory researchers would be most likely to agree that childhood amnesia

Amnesia can be organic,for example resulting from _,or psychogenic ( i.e. ,resulting from _) .

Research on autobiographical memory indicates that most adults cannot recall any events until about

Mariska cannot remember events that occurred in her life prior to 3 years of age.She is experiencing

Traumatic amnesia involves

As a result of __________ and starting school,children learn to think like adults and can reliably remember events.

The debate over traumatic amnesia and repression exploded in the 1990s when

Quiz 8: Memory

Most researchers agree that the memories people say they have of their first three years of life are based on

When psychological scientists examined 40 cases where wrongful conviction had been established beyond doubt,they found that _______________ of these cases had involved a false identification by one or more eyewitnesses.

The idea of repression,the involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious,was introduced by

Modern memory research indicates that autobiographical memory likely cannot begin until

__________ is the involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious.

When Sir Frederic Bartlett asked people to read unfamiliar stories and then to recite the stories to him,he found that details or morals were added to make the story coherent.

Critics of repression as a mechanism of defense argue that

Olivia was injured in a serious car accident when she was 8 years old.Today,Olivia does not have a recollection of this event.Some psychologists would attribute this to

__________ is the loss of memory for important personal information.

Lucio is 2 years old and has poor memory for past events.This is likely because he

The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later is called source misattribution.

___________ is the inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life.

An effective way to conceptualize memory is to think of it as a movie camera that records each moment of a person's life.

Contemporary memory researchers would be most likely to agree that childhood amnesia

Amnesia can be organic,for example resulting from _______________,or psychogenic ( i.e. ,resulting from _______________) .

Research on autobiographical memory indicates that most adults cannot recall any events until about

Mariska cannot remember events that occurred in her life prior to 3 years of age.She is experiencing

Traumatic amnesia involves

As a result of __________ and starting school,children learn to think like adults and can reliably remember events.

The debate over traumatic amnesia and repression exploded in the 1990s when

Amnesia can be organic,for example resulting from _,or psychogenic ( i.e. ,resulting from _) .