Question 1

Jackie is a cross-country runner,who regularly experiences a "runner's high," which she describes as "a pleasurable sensation that makes the pain bearable." What bodily event creates this experience for Jackie?

Accepted Answer

Endorphins are natural painkillers produced by the body in response to stress or discomfort. They bind to the same receptors in the brain as opioid drugs like morphine, producing feelings of pleasure and reducing pain. Endorphin release is commonly associated with the "runner's high" experienced by athletes like Jackie.

Question 2

Adrenal hormones are produced by glands

Accepted Answer

Adrenal hormones are produced by the adrenal glands, which are located right above the kidneys.

Question 3

Endorphins give a species an evolutionary advantage because

Accepted Answer

Endorphins make pain bearable, which allows individuals to continue taking action and not be hindered by the pain. This gives them a clear evolutionary advantage in situations where survival depends on being able to act quickly despite injuries or pain.

Question 4

An EEG

Accepted Answer

An EEG (electroencephalogram) measures electrical activity in the brain and can show different patterns associated with various states like sleep, relaxation, and mental concentration.

Question 5

Despite common belief,research suggests that sex hormones do not

Accepted Answer

The answer of Despite common belief,research suggests that sex hormones...

Question 6

This procedure allows more precise information about electrical activity in single neurons.

Accepted Answer

Microelectrodes are small electrodes that can be inserted directly into a single neuron to measure its electrical activity with high precision. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and PET scans are imaging techniques that measure brain activity at a larger scale, and EEGs measure electrical activity on the surface of the scalp but do not provide precise information about single neurons.

Question 7

Adrenal hormones are most closely associated with

Accepted Answer

Adrenal hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, are released in response to stress and emotional arousal, helping to prepare the body for fight or flight responses. Therefore, they are most closely associated with emotion and stress.

Question 8

Coin-shaped electrodes are pasted onto Miranda's scalp,and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper.From this description,it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied through the use of

Accepted Answer

The coin-shaped electrodes and machine used suggest that Miranda's brain is being studied using an electroencephalogram, which measures electrical activity in the brain. Positron-emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging are imaging techniques that use different methods to visualize brain activity. Microelectrode recording is a technique where a single or small group of neurons are recorded within the brain.

Question 9

Estrogen is to _______ as testosterone is to _______.

Accepted Answer

Estrogen is primarily produced in the ovaries, while testosterone is primarily produced in the testes. Therefore, the best choice is C, which pairs ovaries with estrogen and testes with testosterone. Choice A is incorrect because it incorrectly pairs gonads with estrogen, when estrogen is primarily produced in the ovaries. Choice B is incorrect because it incorrectly pairs testes with estrogen, and ovaries with testosterone. Choice D is incorrect because it pairs gonads with ovaries, when gonads refer to both the ovaries and testes.

Question 10

Melatonin plays a role in

Accepted Answer

Melatonin plays a key role in regulating daily biological rhythms, such as the sleep-wake cycle. It is released by the pineal gland in response to darkness and helps to promote sleep. While it may also have some effect on other processes, such as the stress response and regulation of blood sugar, these are secondary to its primary role in circadian rhythm regulation. Response to injury and pain is not a known role of melatonin.

Question 11

Which of the following can act as a hormone in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter involved in the body's fight-or-flight response.

Question 12

Caryn is making a chart to serve as a study aid for her upcoming psychology quiz.She makes a list of different types of nervous system chemicals and their functions.She writes that the general function of hormones is to

Accepted Answer

Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and affect the functioning of target organs and tissues. They can regulate a wide range of physiological processes, including growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction. Unlike neurotransmitters, which act over short distances at synapses, hormones are released into the bloodstream and act on distant target cells.

Question 13

The most important of the androgens is

Accepted Answer

The most important of the androgens is testosterone, which is produced in the testes in males and in smaller amounts in the ovaries in females. It is responsible for the development of male characteristics such as deepening of the voice, growth of facial hair, and muscle development. It also plays a role in sex drive and overall well-being. Estrogen and progesterone are female sex hormones, while dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in various brain functions.

Question 14

Melatonin is secreted by the

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is primarily secreted by the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located in the brain. It plays a key role in regulating sleep and wake cycles.

Question 15

The glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream are called

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Question 16

When researchers use needle electrodes

Accepted Answer

When researchers use needle electrodes, only the skull and the membranes covering the brain need to be anesthetized to avoid pain, so choice D is the correct answer. Choice A is incorrect because general anesthesia is not necessary, only local anesthesia in the area where the electrodes are being inserted. Choice B is incorrect because glucose-like substance with a radioactive element is used in PET scans, not in the insertion of needle electrodes. Choice C is incorrect because the current produced for needle electrodes is much lower than 40,000 times the earth's natural magnetic field, and in fact, it is typically measured in microamps rather than amps.

Question 17

Sex hormones are secreted by tissue in the _______________ and also by the adrenal glands.

Accepted Answer

The gonads, which include the ovaries and testes, are responsible for secreting sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. While the adrenal glands also produce sex hormones in small amounts, the primary source is the gonads. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer. The kidneys, medulla, and pons are not directly involved in the production of sex hormones.

Question 18

Chemical substances released by the endocrine glands to help regulate bodily functions are

Accepted Answer

Chemical substances released by the endocrine glands to help regulate bodily functions are hormones.

Question 19

Jeff is writing a term paper on the role of melatonin.He decides to emphasize the important role that this hormone plays in regard to

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is a hormone that is primarily involved in regulating daily biological rhythms and sleep in humans. It is produced by the pineal gland in the brain and is important in controlling the circadian rhythm or the body's internal clock. Melatonin levels rise in the evening and stay high throughout the night, helping us to fall asleep and stay asleep. Therefore, the best choice is A, daily biological rhythms and sleep. The other options - B, response to drugs; C, response to fight or flight situations; and D, physical changes in girls at puberty - are not primary roles of melatonin.

Question 20

Jeff is 13 years old and has recently noticed some remarkable changes in himself.Over the past few months his voice has started to change,growing deeper.He has begun to grow pubic hair,as well as the beginnings of a facial beard.He is also filling out,with his muscles developing rapidly.These changes in Jeff are probably due to the action of the

Accepted Answer

The changes Jeff is experiencing, such as the deepening voice, growth of pubic hair and facial hair, and rapid muscle development, are all typical of puberty and are primarily due to the action of the gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females).

Quiz 4: Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain