Question 1

Specific parenting behaviors and styles have been associated with increased risk of anxiety and anxiety-related disorder.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have found that certain parenting behaviors and styles, such as overprotection, criticism, and modeling anxious behavior, can increase the risk of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders in children and adolescents.

Question 2

Anxiety and anxiety-related related disorders are the third most common mental disorder,second only to mood disorders and eating disorders.

Accepted Answer

Anxiety and anxiety-related disorders are actually the most common mental disorders, surpassing both mood disorders and eating disorders in prevalence.

Question 3

The equipotentiality premise,as it applies to phobias,is widely accepted as true.

Accepted Answer

The equipotentiality premise, which suggests that all stimuli have an equal potential to become associated with phobias, is not widely accepted as true. Research has shown that some stimuli are more likely to become the object of phobias than others, indicating biological predispositions that challenge the equipotentiality premise.

Question 4

The amygdala can effectively process external (i.e.,fear-provoking)stimuli and determine its survival relevance without the influence of higher brain functioning.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is known to process external stimuli related to fear and its survival relevance without the involvement of higher brain functioning such as rational thinking or decision making. This allows for faster processing and response to potential threats.

Question 5

Research shows that Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing,which includes exposure,is significantly more effective than exposure alone.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is generally as effective as traditional exposure therapy for treating certain conditions like PTSD, but not significantly more effective. Both therapies have their merits, and effectiveness can vary depending on the individual and specific circumstances.

Question 6

Research has shown that neutralizing occurs relatively often in people who do not have OCD.

Accepted Answer

Research has found that neutralizing or engaging in compulsive behaviors to counteract intrusive thoughts occurs in a significant minority of the general population, not just in individuals with OCD.

Question 7

Obsessions are repetitive behaviors performed in response to repetitive,intrusive thoughts.

Accepted Answer

Obsessions are intrusive thoughts, while compulsions are the repetitive behaviors performed in response to these thoughts.

Question 8

It is possible to have a diagnosis of agoraphobia without history of panic disorder.

Accepted Answer

Agoraphobia can be diagnosed independently of panic disorder, although the two conditions often co-occur or may develop together. Agoraphobia is characterized by fear or avoidance of situations where escape may be difficult or help may not be available in the event of a panic attack or other fears. While panic disorder involves recurrent unexpected panic attacks.

Question 9

Several researchers have examined the role of neurotransmitters and neuroanatomy in anxiety.Briefly discuss the role of one brain region and one neurotransmitter which have been studied.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Several researchers have examined the role of...

Question 10

There is research support for mindfulness-based approaches to treating anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.

Accepted Answer

Multiple studies have found that mindfulness-based interventions, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), can be effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. These interventions focus on cultivating present-moment awareness, nonjudgmental acceptance, and coping strategies for difficult thoughts and emotions.

Question 11

Mowrer's two-factor theory satisfactorily explains why some stimuli (such as spiders)are more likely to become feared rather than others.

Accepted Answer

Mowrer's two-factor theory, which combines classical and operant conditioning, does not specifically address why certain stimuli like spiders are more likely to become feared. It explains how fears are acquired and maintained, but it does not delve into the evolutionary or biological predispositions that might make certain stimuli more fear-inducing than others.

Question 12

We now know that GABA is the neurotransmitter system solely dedicated to the fear and anxiety response.

Accepted Answer

While GABA is involved in regulating anxiety and fear, it is not the sole neurotransmitter system responsible for it. Other systems, such as the serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate systems, also play a role in anxiety and fear responses.

Question 13

Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder often avoid activities such as drinking coffee and having sex because they frequently misinterpret the resulting bodily sensations of arousal.

Accepted Answer

Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) may avoid activities that they believe could exacerbate their anxiety, such as consuming caffeine. However, avoiding sex due to misinterpreting arousal sensations is not commonly associated with GAD specifically; avoidance behaviors can vary widely among individuals and are not limited to these activities alone.

Question 14

Personality disorders are frequently present in more complex and severe cases of PTSD.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals with PTSD are more likely to also have a personality disorder, particularly in more severe cases. It is important to address both PTSD and any co-occurring personality disorders in treatment to achieve the best outcomes.

Question 15

Watson's two-factor model of fear and phobias proposes that fears are acquired through classical conditioning but maintained through operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Watson's two-factor model of fear and phobias...

Question 16

Individuals who are susceptible to anxiety and anxiety-related disorders do not appear to have atypical beliefs about the self,but have been found to have a number of distorted beliefs about specific threats in the environment.

Accepted Answer

Individuals who are susceptible to anxiety and anxiety-related disorders often have atypical or distorted beliefs about the self as well as distorted beliefs about specific threats in the environment, contributing to their anxiety.

Question 17

The theory behind Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing,a new method of treating anxiety and anxiety-related disorders is widely accepted.

Accepted Answer

The theory behind Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is not widely accepted by all in the scientific community, as there is ongoing debate about how it works and its effectiveness compared to other therapies.

Question 18

From a cognitive perspective,panic disorder involves catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations.

Accepted Answer

According to cognitive models of panic disorder, individuals with this disorder experience intense fear and anxiety due to the catastrophic misinterpretation of benign bodily sensations such as rapid heart rate or shortness of breath. This suggests that panic disorder involves an ongoing cognitive process rather than simply a physical symptom.

Question 19

Salkovskis proposed that cognitive intrusions develop into obsessions only when intrusions are appraised as posing a threat for which the person is personally responsible.

Accepted Answer

Salkovskis' cognitive appraisal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder proposes that cognitive intrusions (i.e. unwanted thoughts) only develop into obsessions when the individual appraises them as being potentially harmful and as indicating personal responsibility for preventing harm from occurring. Therefore, Option A is correct.

Question 20

Researchers hope to provide critical experimental tests of attachment vs.cognitive explanations of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,since these approaches are incompatible.

Accepted Answer

Attachment and cognitive explanations of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders are not necessarily incompatible; they can be integrated to provide a more comprehensive understanding of these conditions. Researchers often explore how these different perspectives can complement each other to better understand the complexity of anxiety disorders.

Quiz 5: Anxiety and Related Disorders