Question 1

Stereotype threat- stem According to research on stereotype threat,when older adults are made to feel aware of their age in a memory study,they will:

Accepted Answer

When older adults are made aware of their age in a memory study, they are more likely to internalize negative stereotypes about older adults' memory abilities. This can cause them to become anxious and worried about confirming the stereotype, leading to poorer performance on the memory task. Therefore, the best choice is D, as older adults are likely to perform more poorly than otherwise.

Question 2

Procedural memory motor task Both older adults and older monkeys showed that they could remember over a 2-year period how to perform a task involving ____________ memory,in which they slid a small metal nut off a rod.

Accepted Answer

The task described in the question involves a motor task, which is associated with procedural memory. Semantic memory involves knowledge and facts, flashbulb memory involves remembering vivid emotional events, and source memory involves remembering where information was learned from. Therefore, the best choice is D) procedural.

Question 3

Default network and aging During working memory tasks,older adults have difficulty ____________ the brain's default network,meaning that they are less able to focus on incoming information.

Accepted Answer

The question is asking about older adults' difficulty with the brain's default network during working memory tasks. The only option that directly relates to the default network is "deactivating." Therefore, the best choice is option C, "deactivating."

Question 4

Hippocampus in working memory The effects of aging on working memory may be due to changes in which structure of the brain?

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is a key structure involved in working memory, and studies have shown that age-related changes in the hippocampus may contribute to declines in working memory as we get older.

Question 5

Default network The brain's default network,which processes internally-generated stimuli,includes which structure?

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is part of the brain's default network, which processes internally-generated stimuli such as daydreaming and mind-wandering. The cerebellum is involved in motor coordination, the occipital cortex processes visual information, and the reticular formation is involved in arousal and attention.

Question 6

Semantic memory and aging Vocabulary,factual information,and historical knowledge fall into the category of ____________ memory,a process not affected by aging.

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory is a type of long-term memory that involves the storage and retrieval of general knowledge, facts, and concepts not tied to particular events in one's life. It is not affected by aging and remains relatively stable throughout a person's lifetime. Source memory refers to the ability to remember where and when information was learned, which can decline with age. Procedural memory involves the learning and recall of motor skills and habits. Working memory is a type of short-term memory that is involved in the temporary storage and manipulation of information.

Question 7

Flashbulb memory and aging According to research on _____________ memory,older adults are able to remember distinctive historical events as well as do younger adults.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memory refers to very vivid and detailed recollections of specific events, often involving strong emotions. Research suggests that older adults are capable of developing and maintaining flashbulb memories as well as younger adults.

Question 8

Deese-Roediger-McDermott The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM)task demonstrated that older adults are vulnerable to false memories as shown by a test of:

Accepted Answer

The DRM task involves presenting participants with a list of semantically related words (e.g. bed, pillow, rest, nap), but omitting the critical target word (e.g. sleep). When participants are later asked to recall the list, they often include the critical target word even though it was not actually presented. This suggests that participants have formed a false memory of the word based on the semantic relatedness of the other words in the list. Research has shown that older adults are particularly susceptible to forming false memories in this task, likely due to age-related changes in neural processes involved in memory encoding and retrieval.

Question 9

Reminiescence bump- stem According to research on the reminiscence bump,older adults should remember the most from:

Accepted Answer

The reminiscence bump is the phenomenon where people tend to have the most vivid and detailed memories from their teenage and early adult years. This is because this time period is associated with many "firsts" and life-changing experiences, such as graduating high school, attending university, and starting a career. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 10

N-back task- stem In an n-back task,used to assess working memory,participants are asked to:

Accepted Answer

In an n-back task, participants are presented with a series of stimuli (such as letters, numbers, or shapes) and are asked to indicate whether the current stimulus matches the one presented n trials earlier. This requires holding the previous stimuli in working memory and updating it with each new presentation, making it an effective measure of working memory capacity. Choices A, C, and D are not related to the n-back task.

Question 11

Implicit memory Researchers have established that when older adults are given an _______ memory test,or one in which they don't know they're being tested,they perform as well as young adults.

Accepted Answer

The question specifically mentions "implicit memory test," and option C is the only one that refers to implicit memory. Options A, B, and D do not relate to implicit memory.

Question 12

Memory self-efficacy Older adults who have a low sense of memory ________________,the feeling that they cannot perform well on a memory test,are likely to have poorer scores when their memory is actually tested.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to perform a task. In this case, memory self-efficacy refers to an older adult's belief in their ability to perform well on a memory test. If they have a low sense of memory self-efficacy, they are likely to perceive the memory test as a threat (choice C) and may not perform as well as they are capable of. Assimilation (choice A) and predictability (choice D) do not relate to an individual's belief in their memory abilities.

Question 13

Propsective memory Research on prospective memory shows that older adults have more difficulty when the task involves which type of mental activity?

Accepted Answer

Prospective memory refers to remembering to perform a planned action at a future time. Research has shown that older adults have more difficulty with prospective memory tasks that involve planning or organizing future events, such as remembering to take medication or keeping a future appointment, than with simpler tasks such as recalling a person's name or solving a crossword puzzle. Choosing to write a reminder note is a strategy used to improve prospective memory and may help older adults compensate for difficulties in this area.

Question 14

Psychological factors affecting driving A psychological factor affecting the driving performance of older adults is:

Accepted Answer

Changes in decision-time speed can affect the ability of older adults to react quickly to unexpected situations while driving, which can increase the risk of accidents. Lack of adequate public transportation, changes in speed limits, and concern expressed by family members may all have an impact on older adults' driving habits but are not directly related to their driving performance.

Question 15

Distant memory Findings on the effects of age on memory for events from the long-ago past,or remote memory,show that:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that memories from events in the distant past are no better than memories from the present. In fact, there may be a slight decline in memory for events that happened many decades ago. Older adults may have a greater ability to recall information from the distant past, but this is likely due to the fact that they have had more time to consolidate and rehearse those memories, rather than an inherent advantage in memory ability.

Question 16

Scaffolding theory- choice The view known as _____________ theory proposes that older adults use different neural circuits depending on task demands to make up for the losses that they suffer elsewhere in the brain.

Accepted Answer

The view described in the statement corresponds to scaffolding theory, which suggests that older adults compensate for cognitive decline by utilizing different cognitive processes to maintain or improve performance on specific tasks. The other options are not directly related to this concept.

Question 17

Role of central executive The role of the central executive in working memory is to:

Accepted Answer

The central executive in working memory is responsible for distributing cognitive resources to the task at hand, rather than storing or recalling information. Therefore, option C is the correct choice.

Question 18

Default network While you are at rest,the brain's ____________ is at work,processing information that you generate internally.

Accepted Answer

The default network is a network of brain regions that is active when we are at rest and not engaged in any particular task or stimuli. This network is believed to be involved in processing internal mental states and self-generated thoughts. Therefore, option D is the best choice. The phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad are both components of working memory, while the central executive is responsible for directing attention and coordinating cognitive processes.

Question 19

Source memory failure Mixing up who said what in a conversation that happened in the past is an instance of ___________ memory failure,a problem that affects older more than younger adults.

Accepted Answer

Source memory is the ability to remember the context in which information was learned or encountered, including who said what. Older adults are more prone to source memory failures, which can lead to confusion about the source of information and the accuracy of memories. Implicit memory refers to the non-conscious influence of previous experiences on behavior and retrieval-induced forgetting occurs when remembering some information makes it harder to remember other related information. Prospective memory refers to remembering to do something in the future.

Question 20

Stereotype threat- choice Making older adults conscious about their age during a memory test is likely to trigger the condition known as _____________ in which their performance actually becomes worse.

Accepted Answer

Stereotype threat is the condition in which an individual becomes aware of a negative stereotype about their group and it affects their performance. In this case, making older adults conscious about their age during a memory test can trigger the stereotype that older adults have poor memory, leading to a decrease in their performance. Therefore, option A) stereotype threat is the best choice. Choices B) memory controllability, C) identity assimilation, and D) memory self-efficacy are not relevant to describe the phenomenon described in the question.

Quiz 6: Basic Cognitive Functions: Information Processing,attention,and Memory