Question 1

Fetal adaptation results in the body's production of various hormones shifting in favour of those that promote energy storage.

Accepted Answer

Fetal adaptation during pregnancy does lead to the body producing hormones that promote energy storage in order to provide the necessary nutrients for fetal growth and development.

Question 2

Research has shown that infants born to women who are obese or overweight are more likely to have abnormalities of their arms and/or legs.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that women who are obese or overweight during pregnancy have a higher risk of giving birth to infants with limb defects such as clubfoot or missing fingers/toes. This is due to a combination of factors including decreased blood flow and nutrients to the developing fetus, and potential disruptions to the normal development of the limbs.

Question 3

According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what disease in adulthood?
A) osteoporosis
B) celiac disease
C) metabolic syndrome
D) colon cancer

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that exposure to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in an increased risk for developing metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Metabolic syndrome includes a cluster of conditions such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and obesity, which can lead to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and other health problems. Famine in early pregnancy may cause permanent changes to the developing fetus, particularly in the metabolic and endocrine systems, which can increase the risk for these conditions in adulthood.

Question 4

The offspring of mothers who experienced low pregnancy weight gain have an increased risk of obesity in adulthood.

Accepted Answer

Low pregnancy weight gain has been linked to an increased likelihood of the offspring being overweight or obese in adulthood. This is thought to be due to changes in the fetus's metabolism and growth patterns as a result of a suboptimal maternal nutritional status during pregnancy.

Question 5

Children born to mothers who have type 2 diabetes are up to ________ times more likely to develop prediabetes or type 2 diabetes as adults.
A) 3
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16

Accepted Answer

Children born to mothers with type 2 diabetes are up to 8 times more likely to develop prediabetes or type 2 diabetes as adults. This increased risk is due to genetic and environmental factors, including exposure to high blood glucose levels in utero, which can program a child's metabolism for future health issues. Early screening and lifestyle interventions can help mitigate this risk.

Question 6

Which of the following birth defects has NOT been linked to maternal obesity?
A) neural tube defects
B) cleft palate
C) heart defects
D) developmental delays

Accepted Answer

Developmental delays have not been directly linked to maternal obesity, whereas neural tube defects, cleft palate, and heart defects have been associated with it.

Question 7

The fetal adaptation theory indicates that a fetus exposed to starvation or malnutrition goes into a survival mode. Which of the following is NOT a fetal physiological response in this situation?
A) The production of hormones shifts to promote energy storage.
B) The activity of enzymes may increase or decrease.
C) There may be changes in the expression of certain genes.
D) The size and function of body organs, such as liver or kidneys, does not change.

Accepted Answer

The size and function of body organs, such as liver or kidneys, can change in response to fetal adaptation to starvation or malnutrition. In fact, studies have shown that undernutrition during fetal development can lead to alterations in the structure and function of multiple organs, which may contribute to lifelong health consequences. Therefore, option D is incorrect.

Question 8

Infants born to mothers who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of
A) low birth weight.
B) heart defects.
C) vitamin D deficiency.
D) respiratory issues.

Accepted Answer

Infants born to overweight or obese mothers have a higher risk of congenital heart defects. While they may also have a higher risk of low birth weight, vitamin D deficiency, and respiratory issues, these are not necessarily the greatest risk associated with maternal obesity.

Question 9

Some of the earliest research on the fetal origins theory took place in
A) France.
B) South Africa.
C) Japan.
D) the Netherlands.

Accepted Answer

The earliest research on the fetal origins theory took place in the Netherlands, where the Dutch Hunger Winter occurred during World War II, providing researchers with a unique situation to study the effects of nutritional deprivation during pregnancy on offspring health outcomes later in life.

Question 10

Infants born to women who smoked during their pregnancy are less likely to have allergies.

Accepted Answer

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of allergies and other health issues in infants, not a decreased risk.

Question 11

Which of the following is FALSE concerning research conducted on subjects born during weather- and war-related famines in Africa?
A) Cardiovascular disease is now the second leading cause of death in adults.
B) One-half of the cardiovascular deaths in the sub-Saharan population are among adults 30 to 69 years old.
C) Infectious disease accounts for the majority of deaths.
D) Low birth weight is associated with higher blood pressure in childhood and adolescence.

Accepted Answer

The statement "Infectious disease accounts for the majority of deaths" is false based on the research conducted on subjects born during weather- and war-related famines in Africa. The research shows that cardiovascular disease is now the second leading cause of death in adults and one-half of the cardiovascular deaths in the sub-Saharan population are among adults 30 to 69 years old. Additionally, low birth weight is associated with higher blood pressure in childhood and adolescence.

Question 12

The negative impact of fetal exposure to malnutrition is worsened if followed by low nutrient intakes shortly after birth.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The negative impact of fetal exposure to...

Question 13

Studies have shown that the higher the body mass index is in childhood the greater the risk of developing insulin resistance in adulthood.

Accepted Answer

Studies have found a significant association between childhood body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance in adulthood. Higher BMI in childhood is linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in later life.

Question 14

Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the risk of what disease in the adult offspring?
A) osteoporosis
B) colon cancer
C) hypertension
D) obesity

Accepted Answer

The answer of Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the...

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a risk in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy?
A) osteoporosis
B) hypertension
C) childhood allergies
D) respiratory diseases

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis is not a risk in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy. However, smoking during pregnancy can lead to hypertension, childhood allergies, respiratory diseases and other health problems in the offspring.

Question 16

The process by which a fetus's metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called the
A) fetal adaptation theory.
B) fetal response theory.
C) fetal mutation theory.
D) fetal modification theory.

Accepted Answer

The process of a fetus adapting to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is referred to as fetal adaptation theory. This is because the fetus can alter its metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes to cope with the limited resources available during pregnancy.

Question 17

Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the fetus only during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the fetus throughout the entire pregnancy, not just the first trimester. It can lead to negative health effects for the baby, such as low birth weight, premature birth, respiratory problems, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). It can also increase the risk of complications for the mother during pregnancy and delivery. Therefore, it is important for pregnant women to quit smoking for the health and well-being of themselves and their baby.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the consequences of the following maternal nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy?
A) Poor maternal intake of calcium during pregnancy results in a high risk of hypertension in offspring.
B) Poor maternal intake of folate during pregnancy is linked to the development of neural tube defects.
C) Low maternal intake of DHA and omega-3 fatty acid during pregnancy is associated with developmental delays in children.
D) Maternal zinc deficiency has no known consequences in adult offspring.

Accepted Answer

Maternal zinc deficiency can result in impaired fetal growth, increased risk of preterm delivery, and decreased immune function in offspring. It can also affect the cognitive and motor development of children. Therefore, statement D is false.

Question 19

Research has shown that there is no association between fetal exposure to famine and future risk of chronic disease.

Accepted Answer

Research has actually shown that there is an association between fetal exposure to famine and an increased risk of chronic disease later in life, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. This is thought to be due to changes in fetal metabolism and development in response to limited nutrition.

Question 20

Research suggests that there are lifelong consequences to any type of nutrient imbalance during pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

Nutrient imbalances during pregnancy can affect the development of the fetus and can have long-term consequences for the child's health and wellbeing. For example, a lack of certain nutrients such as folic acid can lead to birth defects, while an excess of other nutrients such as sugar can increase the risk of obesity and other health problems in later life. It is therefore important for pregnant women to maintain a balanced and varied diet to ensure the optimal health of their child.

Quiz 23: the Fetal Environment: a Lasting Impression

Fetal adaptation results in the body's production of various hormones shifting in favour of those that promote energy storage.

Research has shown that infants born to women who are obese or overweight are more likely to have abnormalities of their arms and/or legs.

According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what disease in adulthood?

The offspring of mothers who experienced low pregnancy weight gain have an increased risk of obesity in adulthood.

Children born to mothers who have type 2 diabetes are up to ________ times more likely to develop prediabetes or type 2 diabetes as adults.

Which of the following birth defects has NOT been linked to maternal obesity?

The fetal adaptation theory indicates that a fetus exposed to starvation or malnutrition goes into a survival mode. Which of the following is NOT a fetal physiological response in this situation?

Infants born to mothers who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of

Some of the earliest research on the fetal origins theory took place in

Infants born to women who smoked during their pregnancy are less likely to have allergies.

Which of the following is FALSE concerning research conducted on subjects born during weather- and war-related famines in Africa?

The negative impact of fetal exposure to malnutrition is worsened if followed by low nutrient intakes shortly after birth.

Studies have shown that the higher the body mass index is in childhood the greater the risk of developing insulin resistance in adulthood.

Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the risk of what disease in the adult offspring?

Which of the following is NOT a risk in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy?

The process by which a fetus's metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called the

Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the fetus only during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the consequences of the following maternal nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy?

Research has shown that there is no association between fetal exposure to famine and future risk of chronic disease.

Research suggests that there are lifelong consequences to any type of nutrient imbalance during pregnancy.