Question 1

Stressful life experiences such as being raped are not likely to be

Accepted Answer

Stressful life experiences such as being raped are often too overwhelming to be processed and integrated into memory, leading to repression. Therefore, option B - repressed is the most likely answer. Options A, C, and D are not applicable since the experience is still being remembered, just not consciously.

Question 2

By incorporating errors based on a hypnotist's leading questions,"hypnotically refreshed" memories often illustrate

Accepted Answer

Hypnotic suggestion can lead to "hypnotically refreshed" memories that are actually based on the hypnotist's leading questions but may be perceived as real by the individual. This is an example of the misinformation effect, where misleading information can alter one's memory of an event. Repression refers to the unconscious suppression of traumatic memories, anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after an event, and proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with new learning. None of these options are directly related to hypnotically refreshed memories.

Question 3

After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime,Mr.Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Mr. Adams's incorrect memory of visiting the Lincoln Monument indicates source amnesia, which is the inability to remember where a memory came from or how it was acquired.

Question 4

Therapists who have used memory recovery techniques such as "guided imagery" and hypnosis have often led their clients to believe that difficulties remembering their experience of sexual abuse may result from

Accepted Answer

Therapists who use memory recovery techniques such as guided imagery and hypnosis may lead their clients to believe that their difficulty remembering experiences of sexual abuse is due to repression, which is a controversial concept in the field of psychology. There is little scientific evidence to support the notion that memories can be repressed and later recovered, and some research suggests that false memories can be implanted through suggestive interviewing techniques.

Question 5

Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events,including a false event such as breaking a window with their hand.The researchers discovered that

Accepted Answer

The researchers discovered that it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories. This is evidenced by the fact that the university students were able to imagine and even recall events that never occurred, such as breaking a window with their hand. This suggests that memory is vulnerable to distortion and that false memories can be implanted with relative ease.

Question 6

The eerie sense of having previously experienced a current situation is known as

Accepted Answer

The eerie sense of having previously experienced a current situation is known as déjà vu. It is a peculiar phenomenon in which an individual feels as if they have experienced a current situation before even though they know it is impossible.

Question 7

When we fall in love,we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first began dating.This best illustrates the dynamics of

Accepted Answer

Memory construction refers to the process of forming memories, which may be influenced by various factors including our emotions, beliefs and expectations. When we fall in love, our positive emotions may lead us to remember our initial attraction to our partner as stronger than it actually was, which is why we tend to overestimate how much we liked them at the beginning of the relationship. This phenomenon is known as the "rosy retrospection" bias.

Question 8

Mrs.Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old.Her memory is not likely to be reliable because of

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia is the inability to recall events from early childhood, typically before the age of three, due to the immaturity and underdevelopment of the brain during that time. Therefore, it is highly unlikely for Mrs. Ramos to remember events that occurred when she was less than a year old.

Question 9

In one study,children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger.This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of

Accepted Answer

The study's focus on asking children about a false event (going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger) highlights the concept of memory construction. This refers to the idea that memories can be partially constructed or distorted by our beliefs, experiences, and other factors. The study suggests that the children may have imagined or constructed this memory based on suggestions given to them.

Question 10

While talking with a complete stranger she had just met in an airplane terminal,Jillian experienced an eerie sense of having had the same conversation with this same person before.Her experience best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Jillian's experience of having the same conversation with a complete stranger before describes the phenomenon known as déjà vu, which is a feeling that one has experienced something before.

Question 11

Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that

Accepted Answer

Psychologists generally agree that we commonly recover memories of both positive and negative events from our past, including those that were long-forgotten. However, there is controversy surrounding the reliability of recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse and the mechanism by which such memories may have been repressed.

Question 12

When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry exam she had just completed,she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty.Subsequently,her memory of the exam was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The scenario described is an example of the misinformation effect, which occurs when our memories are influenced by misleading information that we have received. Hailey's exaggeration of the exam's difficulty could be considered misleading information, which influenced her memory of the exam to be more difficult than it actually was. The other answer choices do not fit the scenario described. Anterograde amnesia is a type of memory loss where new memories are not formed after an injury or illness. Déjà vu is the feeling of experiencing something as if it has happened before. Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with the ability to remember new information.

Question 13

The reports of children who are interviewed by officials regarding an alleged incident of sexual abuse are most likely to be unreliable if

Accepted Answer

If children are questioned about specific forms of abuse that did not occur during the incident, it suggests that the interviewer may have planted suggestions or ideas in the child's mind, leading to unreliable reports. The other options may actually increase the reliability of the reports, as discussing the incident before can help the child remember details, interviewing shortly after the incident can reduce memory distortion, and emotional stress can indicate the seriousness of the incident.

Question 14

Familiarity with an ongoing situation without any idea of where you experienced it before contributes to

Accepted Answer

This is describing the feeling of déjà vu, which is the sensation of having experienced something before without being able to recall where or when.

Question 15

Briefly glancing at a visual scene without consciously processing it may lead us to experience ________ when we subsequently focus conscious attention on the scene.

Accepted Answer

Déjà vu refers to the feeling of familiarity or having experienced something before, even though it is the first time the individual experiences it. Briefly glancing at a visual scene without consciously processing it may lead to a sense of familiarity or déjà vu when we subsequently focus conscious attention on the scene.

Question 16

Compared with young adults,children are likely to be more susceptible to

Accepted Answer

Children are more likely to be susceptible to the misinformation effect, which is the phenomenon where individuals' memory for an event may be altered by exposure to misleading information. This is because children's cognitive processes are still developing and they may be more likely to incorporate false information into their memories. The other options, positive transfer, automatic processing, and proactive interference, do not necessarily differ in susceptibility between children and young adults.

Question 17

Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that

Accepted Answer

Memory experts who are skeptical about repressed and recovered memories point out that therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis can easily lead to the creation of false memories. They do not argue that people cannot relieve distress resulting from traumatic memories, nor do they suggest that traumatic events are never encoded into memory, or that people never recall unpleasant events that they had forgotten.

Question 18

Donald Thompson was an initial suspect in a rape case.The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked.The victim's false recollection best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The victim's confusion of memories is an example of source amnesia, where a person cannot recall where they learned information, leading them to attribute it to the wrong source. The victim incorrectly attributed her memory of seeing Thompson's image to the perpetrator, leading to a false recollection. The other options (anterograde amnesia, retroactive interference, and déjà vu) do not accurately describe the situation.

Question 19

After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with "Mr.Science," preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is an example of source amnesia, where individuals can remember information but are unable to recall how, when, or where they acquired it. In this case, children remember activities associated with "Mr. Science" but cannot distinguish between those they actually experienced and those they only heard about in stories.

Question 20

Authors and songwriters sometimes think an idea came from their own creative imagination,when in fact they are unintentionally plagiarizing something they earlier read or heard.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Source amnesia is the inability to remember where one heard or learned information, leading to the false belief that the idea came from one's own imagination. This is common in cases of unintentional plagiarism by authors and songwriters.

Quiz 9: Memory