Question 1

Lynnae's long-term memory of what she reads is improved if she responds to fill-in-the-blank questions after completing sections of her reading assignments.Her experience best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Lynnae's improved memory is due to the testing effect, which refers to the phenomenon that retrieving information through testing or quizzing oneself enhances long-term memory retention. This is different from the self-reference effect (A), which suggests that we remember information that is personally relevant to us. Automatic processing (B) refers to the unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time and frequency. The peg-word system (D) is a mnemonic device that uses association of numbers with pre-memorized words to aid in memory recall.

Question 2

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants.This study finds that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.

Accepted Answer

The study conducted by Peterson and Peterson found that memories stored in short-term memory will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal. Therefore, the best choice would be C: short-term.

Question 3

The letters Y,M,O,M,R,E are presented.Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustration of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of chunking, where information is organized into meaningful groups to aid in memory retention.

Question 4

Arnold was not paying attention to his professor's lecture.But when the professor asked him what she had just said,he was surprised that he had a fleeting memory of her last few words.Arnold's experience best illustrates ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Echoic memory involves the sensory memory of auditory stimuli and lasts for several seconds. In this scenario, Arnold's ability to recall the professor's last few words despite not paying attention is an example of echoic memory.

Question 5

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

Accepted Answer

The famous "magic number" 7 (plus or minus 2) is widely recognized as our immediate short-term memory capacity. It means that we can only hold about 7 pieces of new information in our memory before our brains start to forget or get overwhelmed.

Question 6

Which of the following is a mnemonic that makes effective use of vivid imagery?

Accepted Answer

The peg-word system is a mnemonic that makes use of vivid imagery. It involves associating items to be remembered with pre-existing "peg words" that are already memorized. The vivid imagery created by associating the new information with the peg words helps to improve recall.

Question 7

Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of

Accepted Answer

Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of encoding. Deep processing involves elaboration and meaningful connections to prior knowledge, leading to better memory retrieval. Shallow processing involves surface-level features, resulting in poorer memory retention.

Question 8

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as

Accepted Answer

The tendency for distributed study (i.e., spacing out learning sessions over time) to result in better long-term retention than massed study (i.e., cramming) is known as the spacing effect. Research has consistently shown that spacing out study sessions leads to better retention and retrieval of information compared to studying the same amount of material in a shorter amount of time.

Question 9

Short-term memory capacity can be increased through

Accepted Answer

Chunking is a technique where information is organized into meaningful units, which can increase the capacity of short-term memory. Iconic and echoic memory refer to sensory memory, which is a separate stage of memory processing. Shallow processing involves encoding information based on its superficial features, and is not an effective way to increase short-term memory capacity.

Question 10

To remember a list of the school supplies she needs,Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house.Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of

Accepted Answer

Marcy's tactic of mentally visualizing each item at a certain location in her house is a mnemonic technique. Mnemonics involve creating associations or visualizations to aid in memory recall.

Question 11

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information is best demonstrated by

Accepted Answer

The testing effect is the phenomenon where retrieving information from memory (such as through taking a quiz) leads to better memory retention than simply re-reading or re-studying the material. This effect has been demonstrated in numerous studies and is considered a robust finding in psychology. The self-reference effect refers to the idea that we remember information better when it is personally relevant to us, while automatic processing and chunking both relate to how we encode and organize information for memory, but do not specifically address the importance of retrieval in enhancing memory.

Question 12

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

The use of acronyms involves chunking, which is the process of organizing information into smaller, more easily manageable bits. This improves memory because it allows individuals to remember more information by grouping it into familiar and meaningful units.

Question 13

Encoding a word on the basis of its meaning produces a better memory of the word than encoding a word on the basis of its sound.This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates the concept of deep processing, which involves encoding information based on its meaning and linking it with existing knowledge and memories, thus resulting in better retention and retrieval of the information. The other options such as iconic memory, spacing effect, and chunking, are not directly related to this scenario.

Question 14

Students often have longer-lasting memories of information from a one-semester course than from an intensive three-week course.This best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

The spacing effect refers to the phenomenon that information is better remembered when it is studied and reviewed over a longer period of time with spaced intervals, rather than being studied intensively in a short period of time. This is why students are more likely to remember information from a one-semester course, where they had more time to review the material, than from an intensive three-week course.

Question 15

Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than children and ________ working-memory capacity than older adults.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than...

Question 16

High intelligence and an ability to maintain one's focus of attention is most closely associated with a high level of

Accepted Answer

Working memory capacity is the cognitive system responsible for actively processing and manipulating information in the short-term, and has been found to be closely related to individual differences in intelligence and attention abilities. For example, individuals with higher working memory capacity tend to perform better on complex cognitive tasks that require attention and information processing, as they are better able to hold and manipulate information in their minds while completing the task.

Question 17

The organization of individual items into larger familiar units is called

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of organizing individual items into larger familiar units. This can improve memory recall by reducing the number of separate items that need to be remembered. The self-reference effect refers to the fact that information is better remembered when it is personally relevant. Massed practice refers to cramming, which is not an effective way to learn or remember information. The peg-word system is a mnemonic technique that involves associating numbers with specific words to aid in memory recall.

Question 18

Encoding verbal information based on the meaning of words is called

Accepted Answer

Semantic processing is the encoding of verbal information based on the meaning of words. This involves understanding and categorizing information, as opposed to simply memorizing it through repetition (echoic memory) or grouping it into smaller units (chunking). The acronym effect is a phenomenon related to memory retrieval and not encoding.

Question 19

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics,Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks.This best illustrates the benefits of

Accepted Answer

Hierarchical organization refers to the arrangement of information in a structure of broad topics and subtopics. This helps individuals like Jasmine remember more information by providing a framework that can be easier to process and remember. Therefore, creating an outline with specific facts and theories located within a larger structure of major topics and subtopics is an example of hierarchical organization. The other options (implicit memory, the peg-word system, and the spacing effect) are memory strategies, but they are not directly related to the benefits of hierarchical organization.

Question 20

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called

Accepted Answer

Mnemonics are memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material to make it easier to remember. Procedural memories are memories of how to do things, implicit memories are memories that are not consciously aware of, and iconic memories are visual sensory memories that last only for a fraction of a second.

Quiz 9: Memory