Question 1

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident,Arotza cannot form new memories.He can,however,remember events before the accident.Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a brain injury or trauma, but memories of events before the injury can still be recalled. This describes Arotza's memory difficulty, making option C the best choice. Retroactive and proactive interference refer to the disruption of memory by new or previously learned information, and the misinformation effect refers to the incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event. These do not accurately describe Arotza's situation.

Question 2

Many students review course material at various times during a semester so they will be prepared for the final exam.These students are especially likely to retain the information far into the future.This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

Distributed practice involves reviewing information over spaced intervals of time, which has been shown to result in better long-term retention compared to cramming all at once. This scenario describes students reviewing course material at various times, indicating they are using distributed practice to prepare for the exam. The other options do not apply to this scenario. Implicit memory refers to non-conscious or unintentional memory, procedural memory involves the retention of skills or tasks, and the self-reference effect relates to the tendency for people to better remember information that is personally relevant to them.

Question 3

Mrs.McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so.Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates

Accepted Answer

Mrs. McBride's inability to consciously recall her behavior suggests that she may be using repression, an unconscious defense mechanism in which unacceptable thoughts or impulses are pushed out of conscious awareness to avoid anxiety or discomfort.

Question 4

Conscious memories of emotionally stressful events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the

Accepted Answer

The amygdala has been shown to play a critical role in the consolidation and retrieval of emotionally arousing memories. It is involved in attaching emotional significance to memories and is activated during the experience and recall of emotional events.

Question 5

Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for

Accepted Answer

Answering practice test questions helps identify areas of knowledge and concepts that are not yet fully understood, allowing for targeted study and improvement in those areas. The other options are not directly related to the benefits of practice test questions.

Question 6

Mr.Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course.Yet the more he plays the course,the more his game improves.His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between

Accepted Answer

Mr. Nydam's experience is an example of implicit memory, as he is improving his golf game without consciously remembering playing on the course before. This distinction between implicit and explicit memory is important in understanding the different types of memory and how they are formed.

Question 7

At a block party,Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors.Moments later,she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors.Her experience best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect refers to the tendency to better remember the first and last items in a list or sequence. In this scenario, Cyndi only remembers the names of the first three and last two neighbors, which is consistent with the serial position effect. State-dependent memory and context-dependent memory refer to the influence of state or contextual cues on memory retrieval, which does not appear to be relevant in this scenario. Implicit memory refers to unconscious memory, which is also not relevant in this scenario as Cyndi is actively trying to remember the names of her new neighbors.

Question 8

The encoding of information directly into long-term storage without the aid of working memory best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to encoding information into long-term memory without conscious effort or rehearsal. It occurs without the aid of working memory, so this is the best choice for the given question. Chunking involves breaking down information into smaller, manageable pieces, iconic memory refers to the brief sensory memory of visual stimuli, and the spacing effect involves spacing out study sessions to improve retention. None of these options directly relate to encoding without the aid of working memory.

Question 9

Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of

Accepted Answer

The use of HOMES to remember the names of the Great Lakes is an example of an acronym, where the first letter of each lake is used to form a memorable word.

Question 10

Another term for implicit memory is ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

The term for implicit memory is nondeclarative memory. This type of memory is not consciously or intentionally recalled and is often demonstrated through skills, habits, and conditioning. Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory that lasts only a fraction of a second. Short-term memory refers to the ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information in the mind. Working memory is a type of short-term memory that involves active and conscious processing of information. None of these terms refer specifically to implicit memory.

Question 11

The happier Judie is,the more readily she recalls positive life experiences.This best illustrates that emotional states can become

Accepted Answer

The fact that Judie's positive emotional state helps her recall positive experiences suggests that her emotional state is acting as a retrieval cue, assisting her in accessing previously stored memories.

Question 12

Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness?

Accepted Answer

Recall involves retrieving information from memory without any cues or prompts, meaning that it assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness. Rehearsal involves repeating information in order to keep it in short-term memory, while relearning involves learning information that has been previously learned but forgotten. Recognition involves identifying information as previously encountered or learned, but it does not require retrieving the information from memory without any prompts.

Question 13

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

Accepted Answer

The persistence of learning over time depends on memory. Memory is the ability of the brain to store and retrieve information. Without memory, learning would not be possible. Chunking, shallow processing, and visual encoding are all strategies that can help improve memory, but memory is ultimately the key factor in the persistence of learning.

Question 14

After Maya told her friend the 5-digit password to a protected website,her friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box.In this instance,the password was clearly stored in her friend's ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory, also known as working memory, is responsible for holding information in our minds for short periods of time, typically less than a minute. This type of memory is used for tasks such as remembering a phone number or a password. In this scenario, Maya's friend was only able to remember the password long enough to type it in, indicating that the password was only stored in her short-term memory. The other options - procedural, iconic, and implicit - refer to other types of memory processes that are not applicable in this context.

Question 15

The semantic processing of the words in a short poem illustrates

Accepted Answer

The semantic processing of the words in a short poem involves assigning meaning to the words and making connections between them, which is an example of deep processing. This type of processing involves making meaningful associations and is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory compared to shallow processing, which only involves surface-level characteristics of the information. Therefore, out of the given options, deep processing is the most appropriate choice for describing the semantic processing of the words in a short poem.

Question 16

During her evening Spanish language exam,Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon.Her difficulty best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of newly learned information. In this case, the French vocabulary that Janica studied that morning is interfering with her ability to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon, demonstrating proactive interference.

Question 17

Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates

Accepted Answer

Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms requires effortful processing, which is a type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. This type of processing helps to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory, which would be necessary in order to recall the definitions for a test. The other options do not accurately reflect the cognitive process involved in this scenario.

Question 18

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory. LTP is the persistent strengthening of synapses between neurons that occurs in response to repeated stimulation. This increased strength of synaptic connections is thought to be the basis for the formation and maintenance of new memories.

Question 19

Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural memories?

Accepted Answer

The basal ganglia are central to the processing of procedural memories, which involve the learning of physical skills, habits, and routines. The hippocampus is important for the formation of episodic memories and spatial navigation, while the hypothalamus and amygdala are primarily involved in emotional and instinctual responses.

Question 20

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car,she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car.Several hours later,Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female.Teresa's experience best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect refers to the phenomenon where a person's memory is altered due to exposure to misleading information. In this case, Teresa's memory was altered by incorrect information, leading her to recall the gender of the driver incorrectly.

Quiz 9: Memory