Question 1

According to Kobasa's hardiness components,the strongest active ingredient in buffering stress,at least for women,is _______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Kobasa's hardiness components,the strongest active...

Question 2

While personal factors like self-efficacy,good intellect,and self-esteem can make some children resistant to the impact of stressful events,a common factor for all such children is:

Accepted Answer

Consistent emotional support from at least one person is a common factor for all children who are resistant to the impact of stressful events. Financial security, a good therapist or intensive therapy immediately following the stressful event may certainly help, but emotional support is crucial in building resilience to stress.

Question 3

The physiological toughness endocrine pattern includes two key classes of hormones,catecholamines and corticosteroids.In a person who is physiologically tough,the pattern of response for these two hormones shows:

Accepted Answer

The physiological toughness endocrine pattern involves a low increase in corticosteroids (which are associated with long-term stress response) and a quick, but temporary increase in catecholamines (which are associated with short-term stress response). This allows the person to maintain a level of alertness and energy without the negative effects of chronic stress.

Question 4

Research on the impact of religious beliefs on responses to stressful events has determined that:

Accepted Answer

Religious beliefs can influence stress responses in various ways, sometimes providing comfort and coping mechanisms, while in other cases, they may exacerbate stress depending on the context and individual differences.

Question 5

Tamika is about to compete in a triathlon.Though such a competition would likely inspire fear and nervousness in most people,Tamika is feeling good about the race because she believes she has the skills to successfully complete it.Bandura would most likely say that Tamika has high:

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory of self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in a specific situation or task. Tamika's confidence in her skills to complete the triathlon indicates a high level of self-efficacy. Self-esteem and self-confidence may also be relevant, but they are broader concepts that encompass one's overall sense of worth or belief in oneself, whereas self-efficacy specifically relates to perceived competence in a specific area. Self-control is not directly related to Tamika's confidence in her triathlon abilities.

Question 6

Research on the impact of religious beliefs has suggested that there are positive effects in helping people to deal with losses,but religious beliefs often function to increase the stress of people dealing with ___________.

Accepted Answer

Religious beliefs can sometimes increase stress in marital problems due to differing beliefs or expectations within the relationship, which can lead to conflict or guilt.

Question 7

Most of her friends feel that Jane is a very happy person.She encounters her difficulties like everyone else,but she tends to maintain a positive outlook on the future and herself,even though she doesn't think that her coping skills are exceptional or that she deals very well with challenges.Psychologists who study stress would assume that Jane would possess a protective factor with regard to the detrimental effects of stress and score high on a measure of _____________.

Accepted Answer

The description of Jane's positive outlook on the future and herself despite encountering difficulties suggests that she possesses optimism, a protective factor against the detrimental effects of stress. Choices A, B, and C are not as strongly supported by the description provided.

Question 8

The three beliefs associated with the stress protective factor called hardiness are:

Accepted Answer

The three beliefs associated with hardiness are commitment, the sense of purpose and involvement in life that helps individuals see the value in what they are doing; challenge, the belief that change and new experiences are opportunities for growth rather than threats; and control, the belief that one has the ability to influence outcomes and events in their life. Self-efficacy and social support are also important factors in resilience, but they are not part of the hardiness construct. Optimism and empathy are also beneficial traits but are not specifically associated with hardiness.

Question 9

Stephen had a fear of public speaking.Before and during every public presentation he had to make he broke out in a cold sweat,his heart raced,and he continuously cleared his throat.One day he found himself giving an impromptu demonstration for his employees.He realized he was speaking in a public format and none of his usual symptoms were present.His problem decreased over time as this success increased his ______________.

Accepted Answer

Stephen's success in giving a public presentation without experiencing his usual symptoms indicates an increase in his self-efficacy, or belief in his ability to perform a task successfully. This increased self-efficacy likely helped to decrease his fear of public speaking over time. Choices B, C, and D are not relevant to the situation described.

Question 10

By definition,people who have positive views of the future and expect that things will work out well in the long run tend to possess:

Accepted Answer

Optimism is the belief that things will work out well in the future, and research suggests that individuals who are more optimistic often have better mental and physical health outcomes. Self-efficacy refers to a belief in one's own ability to succeed in specific situations, empathy relates to the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, and hardiness is a combination of traits that allow individuals to better cope with stress and adversity. While these traits may also be associated with positive views of the future, optimism specifically captures this expectation for positive outcomes.

Question 11

Someone who attempts to directly deal with and change the demands of stress-inducing situations is involved in the process of _____________.

Accepted Answer

Problem-focused coping involves taking direct action to address and change the demands of stress-inducing situations. This could involve problem-solving, seeking information or resources, or making a plan of action. Therefore, option D is the best choice.

Question 12

Beliefs regarding challenge,commitment,and control were specifically mentioned as being central to the psychological construct of:

Accepted Answer

Challenge, commitment, and control are the three components of the hardiness construct, which is characterized by resilience in the face of stress and adversity. Optimism and self-efficacy are related to hardiness but are not directly synonymous with the construct itself. Social support is a separate construct altogether.

Question 13

Of the three factors that comprise the hardiness personality construct,research suggests that the one that appears to be the strongest in terms of protecting people from the negative effects of stress is the construct of ___________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the factor of control is the strongest of the three hardiness personality constructs in protecting people from the negative effects of stress. Control involves the belief that one can influence the events and outcomes in one's life, rather than feeling helpless or at the mercy of external circumstances. This sense of control can help individuals feel more confident and better equipped to handle stressors.

Question 14

According to psychologists,the personal conviction that we can perform the behaviours necessary to produce a desired action is called:

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to successfully execute an action, accomplish a task, or achieve a goal. It is a key factor in determining whether an individual will take action and persist in the face of obstacles or challenges. Self-confidence refers more broadly to an individual's overall belief in their abilities, while self-control and self-esteem are different constructs altogether.

Question 15

With even mild or moderate levels of stress,working memory is compromised because of the impact of stress on the functioning of the:

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions like attention, decision-making, working memory, and problem-solving. Research has shown that stress can impair the functioning of the frontal lobe, leading to poorer performance on tasks that require working memory.

Question 16

Research has shown that the impact of even mild stress impairs working memory functioning and results in too much activation of ________ .

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that mild stress leads to over-activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in the prefrontal cortex which impairs working memory functioning.

Question 17

Optimistic people experience all of the following benefits EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Optimistic people experience all of the following...

Question 18

Research findings of a 30-year longitudinal study by Werner has shown that a key factor that makes some children extremely resistant to the effects of stress is:

Accepted Answer

The study by Werner highlighted that social support is a crucial factor in helping children become resilient to stress.

Question 19

While physiological toughness is demonstrated by a particular pattern of activity in two classes of hormones at the time of the stressor,it is also associated with:

Accepted Answer

Physiological toughness is associated with a low baseline for both types of hormones, indicating a more efficient stress response system.

Question 20

McIntosh studied a group of parents who had lost their babies due to sudden infant death syndrome.In his study he found that some people found some significant meaning in these losses,which appeared to contribute to greater well-being and less distress up to 18 months later.This significant meaning was attributed to:

Accepted Answer

McIntosh's study found that the parents who found significant meaning in their loss attributed it to their religious beliefs. This meaning appeared to contribute to greater well-being and less distress up to 18 months later. The other options (B, C, D) were not specifically mentioned as contributing to the significant meaning found by the parents in McIntosh's study.

Quiz 15: Stress, coping, and Health