Question 1

Which of the following best demonstrates how modelling may account for the creation of an anxiety disorder?

Accepted Answer

This answer demonstrates modelling, as the person developed their phobia after observing their mother's fear of storms. Modelling is the process of learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others.

Question 2

Anorexia nervosa,Windigo,and Koro were all mentioned as examples of what are considered to be:

Accepted Answer

Anorexia nervosa, Windigo, and Koro are all examples of culture-bound disorders - conditions that appear to be specific to certain cultures or regions of the world. These disorders are influenced by cultural factors such as beliefs, values, and traditions. Behavior disorders, types of depression, and types of drug dependencies are not necessarily tied to specific cultures in the same way.

Question 3

The set of emotion-based psychological disorders called mood disorders involves symptoms of:

Accepted Answer

Mood disorders involve disturbances in a person's mood, and typically involve either depression or mania, or both. Option C is the correct answer as it includes both depression and mania, which are the defining features of bipolar disorder - a type of mood disorder. Anxiety is not a defining feature of mood disorders. Option A is incorrect because while anxiety disorders can involve symptoms of depression, they are not mood disorders in and of themselves. Option B is incorrect because it does not accurately reflect the symptoms of mood disorders, which typically involve disturbances in a person's mood rather than their identity. Option D is incorrect because anxiety and mania are not commonly seen together in mood disorders.

Question 4

A depressed student who is unable to go to her classes or engage in behaviours that she usually enjoys is most clearly demonstrating the ______________ typically associated with major depression.

Accepted Answer

The student's inability to attend classes or engage in enjoyable activities indicates a lack of motivation, which is a key motivational symptom of major depression.

Question 5

One of the primary differences between major depression and dysthymia is that:

Accepted Answer

Dysthymia is considered to be more chronic than major depression, with symptoms lasting for at least two years. While major depression often involves intense symptoms, dysthymia is characterized by less severe but persistent symptoms. Additionally, both major depression and dysthymia can include a range of physical, cognitive, and motivational symptoms.

Question 6

People who have an intense fear of being fat and severely restrict their food intake,often to the point of starvation,have the eating disorder called ____________.

Accepted Answer

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and severely restricted food intake that leads to significant weight loss or the inability to maintain a healthy weight. Bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging behaviors, while obesity phobia and digestive deficiency are not recognized eating disorders.

Question 7

Research on the prevalence of anorexia and bulimia has determined that these disorders are:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that anorexia and bulimia are most common in industrialized cultures where there is a strong societal emphasis on thinness and beauty. These cultures often place a high value on appearance and body image, leading to an increased risk of eating disorders.

Question 8

The speculation that gender roles and social expectations may be responsible for the greater prevalence of depression in women is proposed by _______________ theories.

Accepted Answer

Environmental theories propose that societal factors, such as gender roles and social expectations, contribute to differences in the prevalence of depression between genders. Cognitive theories focus on how one's thoughts and perceptions can lead to depression, while biological theories attribute depression to physiological factors such as genetics or neurotransmitter imbalances. Psychodynamic theories emphasize the role of unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences in the development of depression.

Question 9

Current estimates on the prevalence of depression indicate that the proportion of North Americans currently suffering from this disorder is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Current estimates on the prevalence of depression...

Question 10

Karen is unfocused,her speech is pressured,and she appears to be in a state of euphoria.For the last week she has gotten no more than 2 hours of sleep a night.Yesterday,she took a second mortgage on her house,flew to Hawaii,and bought some property and a surf shop.Considering these behaviours and symptoms,a psychologist might diagnose Karen's problem as:

Accepted Answer

Karen's symptoms, including euphoria, lack of sleep, pressured speech, and impulsive behavior such as taking out a second mortgage to buy property and a surf shop in Hawaii, are indicative of a manic episode. This is a symptom of bipolar disorder, specifically the manic or hypomanic phase. Dysthymia is a chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more, hypochondriasis is a preoccupation with having a serious medical illness despite evidence to the contrary, and somatoform disorders involve physical symptoms without any medical explanation. None of these diagnoses fit Karen's symptoms and behaviors.

Question 11

Which of the following culture-bound disorders involves the excessive fear of offending others by doing such things as staring too long or making an inappropriate facial expression?

Accepted Answer

The excessive fear of offending others by doing such things as staring too long or making an inappropriate facial expression is a symptom of Taijin Kyofushu. Koro is a culture-bound disorder that involves the belief that one's genitalia are retracting into the body and may disappear. Social phobia is a disorder that involves a fear of social situations or embarrassment. Windigo is a culture-bound disorder found in Native American cultures that involves a fear of becoming a cannibalistic monster.

Question 12

A person develops a dog phobia because he associates dogs with the fear that he experienced when he was bitten by a dog in the past.This example best demonstrates how anxiety disorders can be accounted for by:

Accepted Answer

The example given best demonstrates how anxiety disorders can be accounted for by the principles of classical conditioning. The fear response (anxiety) to dogs has become a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (the presence of a dog) due to the pairing of that stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus (the dog bite) that originally elicited a fear response.

Question 13

John has been having difficulty falling and staying asleep for the past few months.He has lost some of his appetite,lost some weight,and feels physically fatigued a great deal of the time.These are all examples typically associated with major depression,called _________symptoms.

Accepted Answer

Somatic symptoms are physical symptoms associated with major depression, including changes in appetite, weight loss, and fatigue. Cognitive symptoms involve changes in thinking patterns, motivational symptoms involve changes in goal-directed behavior, and mood-state symptoms involve changes in emotional experience.

Question 14

Viewing the future with great pessimism and hopelessness is classified as ______________ symptom of depression.

Accepted Answer

Pessimism and hopelessness are cognitive symptoms of depression, as they reflect negative thought patterns and beliefs about the future. Emotional symptoms refer to changes in mood, somatic symptoms refer to physical sensations, and motivational symptoms relate to changes in motivation and goal-directed behavior.

Question 15

Steve has a rather strong fear of social situations.He used to try to go to parties and other social events,but his anxiety would usually overwhelm him.When experiencing these negative emotions,he would often leave parties early,a behaviour that allowed him to reduce or eliminate his anxiety.According to the principles of operant conditioning,Steve's escape behaviour will be more likely to occur in the future because it is being ____________.

Accepted Answer

Steve's escape behavior is being negatively reinforced because it results in the removal of the aversive stimulus (anxiety). As a result, Steve is more likely to engage in this behavior in the future to avoid feeling anxious.

Question 16

Which of the following disorders was mentioned as an example of a culture-bound disorder?

Accepted Answer

Anorexia nervosa is an example of a culture-bound disorder as it is more prevalent in Western cultures and is related to the cultural emphasis on thinness as a beauty ideal. Dissociative identity disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder are not culture-bound disorders.

Question 17

A person with a euphoric mood,a decreased need for sleep,and grandiose or exaggerated cognitions would most likely be diagnosed as having:

Accepted Answer

Euphoric mood, decreased need for sleep, and grandiose or exaggerated cognitions are symptoms of mania, which is a key feature of bipolar disorder. Psychogenic fugue involves sudden travel away from one's home or customary place of work and an inability to recall one's past. Schizophrenia may include symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. Major depression involves persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and low mood.

Question 18

Julie frequently eats a great deal of food when she gets emotionally upset.The last time she started to feel depressed,she ate two large bags of potato chips,a half gallon of ice cream,and several slices of pizza,all in one sitting.After she eats this way,she usually takes several laxatives to help her purge all this food.Despite this eating behaviour,Julie's weight is about average for someone of her height and age.Julie would most likely be diagnosed:

Accepted Answer

Julie's behavior suggests symptoms of bulimia, as she engages in binge-eating followed by purging through laxatives. Her weight being average for her height and age suggests that she is not exhibiting symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Additionally, there is no information provided to suggest that she has a digestive deficiency. Therefore, the best diagnosis for Julie would be bulimia.

Question 19

If left untreated,the typical depressive episode lasts for approximately ______________.

Accepted Answer

If left untreated, the typical depressive episode lasts for approximately 5 to 10 months.

Question 20

Jim lost his job two months ago and has been feeling down ever since.He no longer enjoys doing things with his friends like he used to and in fact,he's had little motivation to do anything.He has lost his appetite and has lost a few pounds in the past few weeks.Though usually a positive person,he has been very self-critical lately and feels that he is worthless.It is most likely that Jim is suffering from:

Accepted Answer

Jim's symptoms indicate a major depressive episode, including loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities, lack of motivation, weight loss, self-criticism, and feelings of worthlessness.

Quiz 13: Behaviour in a Social Context