Question 1

There are two main types of receptors for both acetylcholine (ACh) and for norepinephrine (NE). Give the names of the receptors, the general location of each, and the expected effect of stimulation of each receptor type.

Accepted Answer

The answer of There are two main types of receptors...

Question 2

The celiac ganglion and a mesenteric ganglion are examples of prevertebral ganglia.

Accepted Answer

Study Objective 1: SO 19.3 Describe the sympathetic division of the central nervous system including the origin of the division, location of the ganglia, and the different pathways to their effectors.
Study Objective 2: SO 19.3.2 Describe the location of the sympathetic ganglia.
Section Reference 1: Sec 19.3 Structure of the Sympathetic Division.

Question 3

Compare and contrast the anatomy of the motor pathways of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system and list the neurotransmitters released at each synapse in each pathway.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast the anatomy of the...

Question 4

All adrenergic alpha receptors are ALWAYS excitatory.

Accepted Answer

Adrenergic alpha receptors can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on their subtype and the tissue in which they are located. For example, alpha-1 receptors generally mediate excitatory responses, while alpha-2 receptors can inhibit neurotransmitter release.

Question 5

Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the second through fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the brain stem, specifically in the nuclei of the cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus). They are also located in the lateral gray horns of the second through fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord.

Question 6

Two major plexuses of the enteric system are the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. The myenteric plexus is located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers in the gastrointestinal tract and is involved in regulating gastrointestinal motility. The submucosal plexus is located in the submucosa layer and regulates glandular secretions and blood flow to the mucosa.

Question 7

The _____ portion of the sympathetic trunk innervates (stimulates) the heart, sweat glands of the head, the smooth muscle of the eye, and blood vessels in the head.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ portion of the sympathetic trunk...

Question 8

List the four cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic motor impulses. Three pairs of these nerves lead to four pairs of ganglia. Name the ganglia and state which cranial nerves connect to them.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List the four cranial nerves that carry...

Question 9

The lacrimal glands only receive parasympathetic innervation (stimulation).

Accepted Answer

The lacrimal glands receive both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. Parasympathetic stimulation primarily facilitates tear production, while sympathetic innervation can influence the gland's blood vessels.

Question 10

In almost all cases, synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division occur either in _____ ganglia or in _____ ganglia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In almost all cases, synapses between preganglionic...

Question 11

Parasympathetic postganglionic axons (fibers) are very short because the terminal ganglia are very close to the structures they innervate (stimulate).

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic postganglionic axons have short fibers because their terminal ganglia are located close to the target structures they innervate. This is in contrast to sympathetic postganglionic axons, which can have much longer fibers because their ganglia are located farther away from the target structures.

Question 12

The motor output component of the autonomic nervous system has two divisions: _____ and _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The motor output component of the autonomic...

Question 13

A single sympathetic preganglionic axon has many axon collaterals (branches) that can synapse with 20 or more postganglionic neurons. This divergence helps explain how sympathetic responses can affect most body parts simultaneously.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true. The divergence of the preganglionic axon into many axon collaterals allows for synapses with multiple postganglionic neurons, which can then affect multiple body parts simultaneously.

Question 14

The major autonomic plexuses of the thorax are the _____ plexus and the ______ plexus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The major autonomic plexuses of the thorax...

Question 15

An organ that is served by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system is said to have _____ innervation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An organ that is served by both...

Question 16

The largest autonomic plexus is the _____ plexus in the abdomen.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The largest autonomic plexus is the _____...

Question 17

In general, the postganglionic axons (fibers) of prevertebral ganglia of the sympathetic division innervate (stimulate) effectors above the diaphragm.

Accepted Answer

The postganglionic axons of prevertebral ganglia primarily innervate effectors in the abdominal and pelvic regions, not above the diaphragm.

Question 18

The hypothalamus is the major control and integration center of the autonomic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating a wide range of autonomic functions including heart rate, blood pressure, temperature control, and the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Question 19

Nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors both interact with acetylcholine (ACh).

Accepted Answer

Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are types of cholinergic receptors that bind to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. However, they differ in their mechanisms of action and distribution in the body.

Question 20

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for an emergency situation? Describe the responses of the body that collectively are referred to as the fight-or-flight response.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which division of the autonomic nervous system...

Quiz 19: The Autonomic Nervous System