Question 1

Which of the following situations is most likely to lead to the misinformation effect?

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information. In option A, the use of the word "terrifying" in Professor Weiss's question could influence the students' memories of the explosion, making them remember it as more frightening than it might have been, which is a classic example of how wording can lead to the misinformation effect.

Question 2

The ____ effect occurs when we learn new information after an event and incorporate that information into our memory of the event.

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect occurs when we receive new, incorrect information after an event and incorporate that misinformation into our memory of the event. This can lead to false memories or altered recollections of what actually happened. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories after a certain point in time, traumatic amnesia is memory loss due to a traumatic event, and repression is a psychological defense mechanism where a person unconsciously blocks out traumatic memories.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes human memory?

Accepted Answer

Human memory is not like a video camera recording an entire experience. Instead, memories are reconstructed based on a combination of schemas (pre-existing knowledge and beliefs) and specific details. This means that memories may not always be accurate or complete. However, it is not true that memories are a jumble of unrelated details and facts or that they consist only of false beliefs and misinformation.

Question 4

Which of the following is a major problem with recovered memories?

Accepted Answer

One major problem with recovered memories is that the techniques used to recover them, such as guided imagery and suggestion, have been shown to create false memories in some individuals. This means that the accuracy of the recovered memories is questionable and could potentially lead to false accusations or wrongfully convicted individuals. The other answer choices are incorrect; A is false as many psychologists believe in the concept of repressed memories, B is false as some individuals may benefit from the recovery of traumatic memories, and D is false as there are individuals who claim to have successfully recovered repressed memories.

Question 5

Schema consistent information is likely to _____.?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Schema consistent information is likely to _____.?
...

Question 6

Proponents of recovered memories argue that they are memories of traumatic events that have been repressed. Opponents of recovered memories argue that they are instead

Accepted Answer

Opponents of recovered memories argue that these memories are often created or suggested by therapists, leading individuals to believe in false memories of traumatic events that never actually occurred.

Question 7

Information that does not fit our expectations for a situation, but is not extremely unexpected, is likely to be

Accepted Answer

The answer of Information that does not fit our expectations...

Question 8

Intrusion errors occur when _______.

Accepted Answer

Intrusion errors occur when people recall unrelated words that are semantically related to the studied words but were not actually on the list. This is the case in option C, where people recall other related words not part of the list. The other options either involve unrelated words (A and D) or recall only related words (B).

Question 9

The more times an individual imagines an event, the more likely they are to believe the event really happened, even if it did not. This is known as

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as imagination inflation, where repeated imagining of an event can increase the individual's confidence in the memory despite it being false. The DRM procedure refers to a memory experiment involving lists of words, while the misinformation effect refers to when misleading information can affect an individual's memory recall. Self-hypnosis is not directly related to this phenomenon.

Question 10

One reason for misremembering an event is that our __________ influence what to pay attention to, and what we expect to happen is certain situations.

Accepted Answer

Schemas are cognitive structures that organize our knowledge about the world and influence what we attend to and expect to happen in certain situations. This can lead to misremembering events that do not fit with our existing schemas or expectations.

Question 11

The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was

Accepted Answer

Mistaken eyewitness identification was the most important factor in the majority of cases where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a conviction of an innocent person. False confessions, the use of jailhouse snitches, and the use of "junk" science were also significant factors, but not as prevalent as mistaken eyewitness identification.

Question 12

Benjamin is a participant in a lab experiment. He is shown a list of words that include: engine, tire, trunk, drive, gasoline, and cup holder. When later asked, Benjamin says that "car" was one of the words he saw on the list, even though it was not there. This experiment is using _______________ to study memory.

Accepted Answer

The experiment described is using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure, which involves presenting participants with lists of words that are semantically related to a non-presented word (in this case, "car"), leading participants to falsely remember the non-presented word as part of the list.

Question 13

Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 39 miles per hour. However, after hearing another witness's report of the cars "bumping" and answering a police officer's questions about the rate of speed when the cars "contacted," he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the accident changes. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

The revised estimate and changed memory after hearing another witness's report and answering a police officer's questions suggest that Jermaine experienced the misinformation effect, where new information or suggestions can alter a person's memory of an event.

Question 14

Billy has just returned home from visiting his grandparents. His grandfather always had a jar of jelly beans on the table, and his mother asked Billy about the jar. "Sure," says Billy, "it was right there where it always was." Billy's mother knew that the jar was gone. The grandfather had recently been diagnosed with diabetes and had cut down on his sugar intake. Why did Billy remember seeing the jar of jelly beans?

Accepted Answer

Billy's memory was likely reconstructed using new information (the fact that the jar of jelly beans was always there) and old information (his past experiences with his grandfather's jar of jelly beans). This is a common occurrence in memory recall, where memories are not always accurate representations of past events.

Question 15

A __________ is an organized cluster of memories that constitutes one's knowledge about events, objects, and ideas .

Accepted Answer

A schema is an organized cluster of memories that constitutes one's knowledge about events, objects, and ideas. A chunk is a unit of information that can be stored in working memory. A mnemonic is a memory aid, such as an acronym or rhyme, used to help recall information. A primer is a brief introduction or guide.

Question 16

Which of the following is most likely to improve performance on an exam?

Accepted Answer

Taking a practice test before an exam has been shown to improve performance because it helps with retrieval practice and identifying areas of weakness. The other choices do not necessarily have a direct impact on improving exam performance.

Question 17

Aleixo just started his job as an advertising intern. When he arrived at the office, he was surprised that everyone was wearing jeans or other types of informal attire. The situation most likely violates Aleixo's __________ of office workers.

Accepted Answer

A schema is a mental framework or organizational structure that individuals use to understand and interpret new information. In this case, Aleixo likely has a schema of office workers wearing business attire, which is being violated by the informal dress code he observed.

Question 18

To impress her friends, Wanda began telling her friends that she once met a famous celebrity, which was a lie. After years of retelling the same story, Wanda begins to believe that it really did happen to her. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of imagination inflation, which occurs when repeated exposure to a false memory or idea leads a person to believe that it is true. The DRM effect refers to the phenomenon of falsely remembering related but non-presented items in a list, anterograde amnesia is a condition that affects the ability to form new memories, and a recovered memory is a controversial concept in which a person remembers a traumatic event that was previously forgotten.

Question 19

In a study discussed in your textbook, volunteers were shown old childhood photos their parents had provided, including pictures of events like riding in a balloon. What did this study find?

Accepted Answer

The study found that after several sessions, many volunteers could recount memories for the events in the photos, even when the photos had been digitally altered to show things that never happened to them. This indicates that the photos played a role in cueing memories, even for events that the volunteers may not have actually experienced.

Question 20

Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood abuse that started at 6 months of age. Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims?

Accepted Answer

Most psychologists would be skeptical of Roseanne's claim because it is highly unlikely that she would be able to remember instances of childhood abuse that started at 6 months of age. This is because the brain is not fully developed at this age and memories are not stored in long-term memory. Additionally, memories that are recalled from such a young age are often distorted or fabricated. Therefore, her claim is more likely a product of her imagination or influenced by outside factors. However, if her brain activity was high in regions of the brain associated with mental imagery, it may suggest that she is drawing upon visual memories that she cannot consciously recall.

Quiz 7: Memory