Question 1

During REM sleep,the motor cortex is activated,but the body is very still.This pattern occurs because _____ running through the brain stem _____ motor activation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During REM sleep,the motor cortex is activated,but...

Question 2

The fact that dreams feel unplanned and rambling has been attributed to _____ of the _____.

Accepted Answer

The deactivation of the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for planning and decision-making, has been associated with the spontaneous and unplanned nature of dreams.

Question 3

A recovering alcoholic who hasn't had a drink in over a year,Tony still sometimes craves a drink when he sees a beer commercial on television.This craving is likely due to:

Accepted Answer

Tony's craving for a drink after seeing a beer commercial suggests that his desire for alcohol is more psychological or emotional rather than physical. He may associate the beer with positive memories or sensations, triggering his craving. This is different from physical dependence, which is characterized by withdrawal symptoms when the substance is not consumed. The placebo effect and drug tolerance are also not relevant to this situation.

Question 4

When he began drinking alcohol,Patrick would drink two beers after work to feel relaxed.Six months later,Patrick needs to drink a six-pack of beer to feel the same level of relaxation.This illustrates:

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates drug tolerance, which is the gradual decrease in the effects of a drug over time as the body adapts to its presence. In this case, Patrick needed to consume more alcohol to achieve the same level of relaxation that two beers used to provide, indicating that his body had developed tolerance to alcohol.

Question 5

New smokers often progress from their first cigarette to smoking a half to a full pack a day in just a few weeks,illustrating:

Accepted Answer

Drug tolerance refers to the phenomenon where the effects of a drug decrease over time with repeated use. As new smokers continue to smoke, their bodies can become tolerant to the nicotine in cigarettes, causing them to need more in order to achieve the same effects. This can lead to an increase in cigarette consumption, as seen in the scenario described. Withdrawal, a placebo effect, and expectancy effects may also play a role in smoking behavior, but drug tolerance is the most relevant explanation for the rapid increase in cigarette use.

Question 6

Peggy cut back on her coffee consumption and quickly developed a headache.This withdrawal symptom BEST illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Peggy's headache is a physical symptom of her body's dependence on caffeine, indicating that she has developed a physical dependence on the substance. Drug tolerance refers to the need for increasing amounts of a drug to achieve the desired effect. Psychological dependence is a pattern of compulsive drug use driven by craving and the need to experience the drug's effects, and caffeine myopia is not a recognized concept in the field of addiction.

Question 7

Marilyn often mentions to her friends that she craves a cigarette after meals,even though she has not smoked in more than 5 years.This craving is likely due to:

Accepted Answer

Marilyn's mention of craving a cigarette after meals, even though she has not smoked in more than 5 years, suggests that she has developed a psychological dependence on cigarettes. Psychological dependence is a condition whereby the addiction is driven more by psychological needs, rather than physical needs.

Question 8

The term _____ refers to all chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the brain's chemical message system.

Accepted Answer

Psychoactive drugs are a class of drugs that affect the brain's chemical message system, leading to changes in behaviour, mood, and consciousness. Teratogens are substances that can cause birth defects or developmental problems in a growing fetus. Hallucinogens and inhalants are specific types of psychoactive drugs that can cause altered perceptions and consciousness.

Question 9

Because of her insomnia,Mia's physician prescribed sleeping pills to help her fall asleep.Over time,Mia has had to increase the dosage she takes in order to fall asleep,indicating that she has developed a(n)_____ the medication.

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is the gradual decrease in a drug's effect over time, resulting in the need to increase the dosage to achieve the desired effect. Mia has had to increase her dosage, indicating that she has developed a tolerance for the medication. Adverse reactions refer to negative side effects of the medication, withdrawal syndrome refers to the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a drug is abruptly discontinued or reduced, and internal neural synthesis refers to the body's natural production of neurotransmitters. None of these options accurately explain Mia's situation.

Question 10

During a dream,the areas of the brain associated with visual _____ are activated.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During a dream,the areas of the brain...

Question 11

The presence of _____ when the use of an addictive drug is stopped may result in _____ drug use.

Accepted Answer

Withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, anxiety, and tremors, can be so unpleasant that a person will turn to drug use to alleviate them, resulting in further drug use. This is known as the withdrawal-reinstatement cycle. The other choices do not accurately describe the relationship between stopping drug use and potential for further use.

Question 12

Which statement concerning studies of cocaine self-administration by rats is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement concerning studies of cocaine self-administration...

Question 13

Which drug will animals NOT self-administer?

Accepted Answer

Animals have not shown any self-administration behavior for hallucinogenic drugs like mescaline, indicating that they do not find them reinforcing or rewarding.

Question 14

A regular heroin user,Johnny will become very sick if he goes a half day without using.This BEST illustrates:

Accepted Answer

The fact that Johnny becomes very sick if he goes without using heroin for a half day indicates physical dependence, which is characterized by withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not consumed. Drug tolerance refers to the need for increasing doses of a drug to achieve the same effect, psychological dependence involves a strong desire or craving for the drug, and expectancy effects refer to the influence of beliefs and expectations on the experience of drug effects.

Question 15

Which brain region decreases in arousal during REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex decreases in arousal during REM sleep, leading to a lack of impulse control and cognitive processing of emotions and memories.

Question 16

The brain region that is very active during a nightmare is the:

Accepted Answer

The amygdala, which is involved in processing emotions and generating fear responses, is very active during a nightmare.

Question 17

Rick needed more and more morphine to control his pain after surgery;his doctor realized that Rick was developing a(n)_____ morphine.

Accepted Answer

Tolerance refers to the body's decreased response to a drug after repeated use, leading to the need for higher doses to achieve the same effect. In this case, Rick needed more morphine to control his pain, indicating that he has developed tolerance to the drug. Adverse reactions refer to negative effects of a drug, withdrawal syndrome refers to the negative physical and mental symptoms experienced when a drug is stopped, and internal neural synthesis is not a commonly used term in the context of drug use.

Question 18

Adolpho is dreaming.Which brain region is likely to be MOST active?

Accepted Answer

During dreaming, the amygdala is highly active as it is responsible for processing emotions and memories.

Question 19

Freudian theory and the activation-synthesis model:

Accepted Answer

Freudian theory posits that dreams are meaningful and are expressions of our unconscious desires, while the activation-synthesis model suggests that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.

Question 20

Research involving animals self-administering drugs suggests that which drug or drug class is LEAST likely to be abused?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that animals are less likely to self-administer antipsychotics, indicating a low potential for abuse. Depressants, stimulants, and marijuana have all demonstrated a higher potential for abuse in animal self-administration studies.

Quiz 5: Consciousness

During REM sleep,the motor cortex is activated,but the body is very still.This pattern occurs because _ running through the brain stem _ motor activation.

The fact that dreams feel unplanned and rambling has been attributed to _ of the _.