Question 1

Psychologists speculate that the avoidant style of emotional attachment is characteristic of infants who are abused.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychologists speculate that the avoidant style of...

Question 2

Infants who formed secure attachments with their primary caregivers act as though they are certain their primary caregiver will respond when they feel insecure.

Accepted Answer

Infants who have formed secure attachments with their primary caregiver have developed a sense of trust and confidence that their caregiver will respond to their needs when they feel insecure, which allows them to explore their environment and develop a sense of independence.

Question 3

Harry Harlow found that rhesus monkeys raised in isolation suffered emotional,but not cognitive,deficits as adults.

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow's experiments showed that rhesus monkeys raised in isolation suffered both emotional and cognitive deficits as adults, demonstrating the importance of social and maternal interaction for normal development.

Question 4

Infants who formed secure as opposed to insecure attachments with their primary caregivers tend to experience greater academic success later in life.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that there is a correlation between secure attachment in early life and better academic outcomes later in life. Children with secure attachments are more likely to have better self-regulation skills and be more motivated to learn, which can contribute to their academic success.

Question 5

Infant temperament is largely the result of biology.

Accepted Answer

Infant temperament, including characteristics such as reactivity, adaptability, and intensity, is largely determined by biological factors such as genetics and prenatal development. Research has shown that even in early infancy, infants display individualized temperamental profiles that are consistent over time and across situations, suggesting a strong biological influence. However, nurture factors such as parenting and environmental experiences can also have an impact on infant temperament.

Question 6

Spending more than 10 hours per week in nonmaternal day care impairs the formation of a secure attachment style between infant and mother,even if the mother is sensitive and responsive to the needs of her infant.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the quality of the attachment between infant and mother is more strongly related to the mother's sensitivity and responsiveness to the infant's needs than to the amount of time spent in nonmaternal day care. Secure attachments can still form even when infants spend more than 10 hours per week in day care, provided the care is of high quality and the mother remains responsive and sensitive.

Question 7

An 18-month-old infant can recognize and imitate the intended behaviour of an adult model.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants as young as 18 months old are able to recognize and imitate the intended behavior of an adult model.

Question 8

It is common for temperament to change considerably over the first few years of life.

Accepted Answer

Temperament is generally considered to be a relatively stable aspect of personality from early life through adulthood, although how it is expressed can be influenced by the environment and experiences.

Question 9

Harry Harlow found that rhesus monkeys raised in isolation spent more time clinging to an artificial mother made of wire that provided nourishment relative to an artificial mother made of soft cloth that did not provide nourishment.

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow's experiments showed that rhesus monkeys raised in isolation spent more time clinging to an artificial mother made of soft cloth that did not provide nourishment, rather than an artificial mother made of wire that did provide nourishment, highlighting the importance of comfort and security over basic physiological needs like nourishment.

Question 10

German infants exhibit more ambivalent attachment styles than they do avoidant attachment styles.

Accepted Answer

German infants are more likely to exhibit avoidant attachment styles rather than ambivalent attachment styles, reflecting cultural values of independence and self-reliance.

Question 11

It is not unusual for a child's attachment style to change over time.

Accepted Answer

A child's attachment style can be influenced by various factors such as experiences, relationships, and developmental stages, which can lead to changes in their attachment style over time.

Question 12

John Bowlby claimed that human infants smile and coo as a way of keeping their caregivers close.

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby's theory of attachment suggests that infants engage in behaviors such as smiling and cooing to elicit a response from their caregivers, which in turn helps to maintain a close and caring relationship.

Question 13

Vygotsky considered language and numerical systems as cultural tools that influenced cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky viewed language and numerical systems as cultural tools that support cognitive processes such as problem-solving and abstract thinking. Through social interactions and the use of these tools, individuals can acquire higher-level thinking skills and develop their cognitive abilities.

Question 14

The language spoken by children's families impacts their ability to count beyond the number 10.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the language spoken by children's families can affect their ability to count beyond the number 10. For example, languages with a simpler number system, such as some indigenous languages, may not have exact words for larger numbers and may make it harder for children to learn to count high. On the other hand, languages with more complex number systems, such as Chinese and Japanese, may make it easier for children to learn to count higher.

Question 15

The ability to focus on what another person is focused on is termed social referencing.

Accepted Answer

Social referencing is the process of reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation. The ability to focus on what another person is focused on is termed joint attention.

Question 16

The secure attachment style is the most common attachment style across all cultures.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the secure attachment style is the most common attachment style across various cultures. However, the prevalence of different attachment styles may vary slightly depending on cultural and environmental factors.

Question 17

The quality of attachment between child and caregiver is dependent on both the caregiver's behaviour and the child's temperament.

Accepted Answer

The quality of attachment is determined by the interactions between the caregiver and child, but the child's temperament can also influence how they respond to those interactions. For example, a child with an easy temperament may form a secure attachment regardless of the caregiver's behaviour, while a child with a more difficult temperament may struggle to form a secure attachment even with a responsive caregiver. Therefore, both factors play a role in determining the quality of attachment.

Question 18

If an adult model closes her eyes and turns her head in the direction of an object,a 3-month-old infant seated across from the model probably will look at the object.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of social referencing, where infants look to adults for guidance on how to react to certain stimuli. Therefore, if the adult model is turning her head and looking at something, the infant is likely to follow her gaze and also look at the same object.

Question 19

Young children who were securely attached infants tend to recall positive and negative events equally during memory tests.

Accepted Answer

Young children who were securely attached as infants tend to recall positive events more accurately than negative events during memory tests, reflecting a bias towards positive information processing.

Question 20

Well over 50% of Canadian infants display a secure attachment style.

Accepted Answer

Research studies have found that approximately 60-65% of Canadian infants display a secure attachment style, which is higher than the prevalence of insecure attachment styles.

Quiz 11: Development