Question 1

The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis asserts that:

Accepted Answer

The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis emphasizes the role of personal expectations in producing hypnotic effects. It suggests that hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness, but rather a result of normal cognitive and social processes. The theory proposes that hypnotic suggestions are more likely to be accepted when they are consistent with prior beliefs and expectations of the individual.

Question 2

When asked to report from a part of themselves that is more aware than their hypnotized part,participants typically report experiencing more pain than under standard hypnotic procedures.This result is most consistent with which theory of hypnosis?

Accepted Answer

This result is most consistent with dissociation theory, which suggests that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness, allowing for greater access and awareness of normally unconscious processes, including pain. This theory suggests that individuals may dissociate from the pain during hypnosis, leading to reduced reports of pain, but when accessing a part of themselves that is more aware, they may experience more pain. Freudian and role theories do not address this specific phenomenon, and while social-cognitive theory emphasizes the role of suggestion and expectation in hypnosis, it does not specifically address the experience of pain.

Question 3

A classic study conducted by Ikemi and Nakagawa (1962)found that when actually exposed to a toxic leaf that they were told was harmless,hypnotized participants ______ allergic reaction.

Accepted Answer

The study by Ikemi and Nakagawa (1962) demonstrated that hypnotized participants, when exposed to a toxic leaf but told it was harmless, showed no allergic reaction, highlighting the power of suggestion under hypnosis on physiological responses.

Question 4

Research on hypnosis has found that:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that nonhypnotized people can also experience some of the same phenomena as hypnotized people, such as dissociation and suggestion. Options A and B are incorrect as hypnosis has been found to affect vision and allergies to some extent. Option D is also incorrect as there have been cases where people under hypnosis have been made to perform dangerous acts, although this is rare and unethical.

Question 5

Research on hypnosis has suggested that hypnotized participants may be induced to perform sometimes dangerous and out-of-character acts because:

Accepted Answer

Hypnotized participants may be induced to perform dangerous acts because they are responding to a perceived authority in a legitimate context, such as the authority of the hypnotist. The hypnotic state can make people more suggestible and willing to comply with requests, even if they go against their usual behavior or values.

Question 6

Research on hypnosis has revealed that:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that hypnosis may not necessarily be about controlling a person's mind, but instead, the individual's response to authority. In other words, people who are more likely to be compliant with authority figures may be more susceptible to hypnosis. However, it is important to note that some studies have shown that hypnosis can have positive effects for some individuals in areas such as pain management and phobia treatment.

Question 7

In hypnosis studies examining pain tolerance,when hypnotized participants are asked if there is another part of them that is more aware than their hypnotized part,this "hidden observer" typically reports experiencing:

Accepted Answer

The "hidden observer" phenomenon, as described by Ernest Hilgard, suggests that a part of the hypnotized individual's consciousness remains aware of pain and other sensations, but is detached from the immediate experience. When this "hidden observer" is accessed, it often reports experiencing more pain than the hypnotized consciousness indicates, suggesting a dissociation within the individual's awareness during hypnosis.

Question 8

The fact that the reactions of other people sharing a drug experience can influence a specific individual's response to a drug is best considered as evidence of the impact of ____________ on drug reactions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The fact that the reactions of other...

Question 9

Research has found that hypnosis is not a reliable way to enhance memory and that hypnotized participants typically remember information _________ nonhypnotized participants who are asked to use imagery or other memory tricks to facilitate recall.

Accepted Answer

The sentence states that hypnosis is not a reliable way to enhance memory and that hypnotized participants typically remember information "less well than" nonhypnotized participants who use other memory tricks.

Question 10

Experiments designed to examine the effectiveness of various treatments for pain have found that:

Accepted Answer

Experiments have shown that both hypnosis and other psychological techniques such as imagery are effective at reducing pain.

Question 11

Which of the following statements regarding the pain-reducing effects of hypnosis is true?

Accepted Answer

Psychologists have not pinpointed a single, specific mechanism through which hypnosis reduces pain. The effectiveness of hypnosis in pain management is recognized, but the exact processes—whether they involve endorphin release, reduction in anxiety, muscular relaxation, or other factors—are not fully understood. This complexity reflects the multifaceted nature of pain perception and the psychological and physiological components of hypnosis.

Question 12

In order to manage the chronic pain Sarah lives with as a result of a skiing accident,she undergoes hypnosis.The hypnosis is supposed to increase her pain tolerance as measured by the amount of pain medications she uses before and after the hypnosis.Sure enough,Sarah reports that the level of pain she used to experience has decreased and the pain medication she requires is reduced after just a few hypnotic sessions.Which of the following is NOT true of this result?

Accepted Answer

The statement that the placebo effect is solely responsible for the reduced pain is not true. Hypnosis has been shown to have actual physiological effects on the brain, such as modifying neural activity and reducing pain perception. While distractions may also be used in hypnosis, they are not the only factor contributing to the reduced pain experienced by Sarah. Additionally, nonhypnotic techniques may also be effective in reducing pain, but this does not negate the fact that hypnosis can also produce this effect.

Question 13

According to this theory,hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness but is instead the product of personal expectations and role-playing.This interpretation is known as the _______________.

Accepted Answer

The interpretation of hypnosis as a product of personal expectations and role-playing is the basis of the social-cognitive theory. The other options refer to different theories of hypnosis, such as the idea of divided awareness or dissociation.

Question 14

A construct that is central to psychologist Ernest Hilgard's dissociation theory of hypnosis is _____________.

Accepted Answer

The "hidden observer" refers to Hilgard's belief that during hypnosis, a person's consciousness is split into two parts - one that follows the hypnotist's suggestions and another that acts as a "hidden observer" that remains aware of everything happening but remains outside of the person's consciousness when they are not hypnotized. This concept is central to Hilgard's dissociation theory of hypnosis.

Question 15

A psychologist attempts to explain the perceived involuntary quality of hypnosis by arguing that during hypnosis,awareness is divided.Furthermore,during hypnosis,the main stream of consciousness is separated from the hidden aspect of consciousness that is aware of everything that happens or goes on.This interpretation is most consistent with:

Accepted Answer

The idea that awareness is divided during hypnosis and that there is a separation of consciousness is consistent with the dissociation theory of hypnosis. This theory suggests that hypnosis involves a splitting of awareness and a disruption of the normal connection between the different aspects of consciousness.

Question 16

Psychologists that believe that there is a technique that creates a division of consciousness where a hypnotized individual experiences two simultaneous streams of consciousness that are separate from one another adhere to the ______________ of hypnosis.

Accepted Answer

The theory that describes the creation of two simultaneous streams of consciousness in hypnosis is dissociation theory. This theory suggests that hypnosis creates a division or separation of consciousness, allowing the person to experience two different states of awareness at the same time. This can result in one part of their consciousness responding to suggestions from the hypnotist while another part remains aware of their surroundings. The other choices (B, C, D) do not describe this specific aspect of hypnosis.

Question 17

All of the following demonstrate how environmental factors affect reactions to drugs EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The statement in option D is an example of a placebo effect, where individuals exhibit behaviors based on their beliefs or expectations rather than actual environmental factors affecting the drug's pharmacological action.

Question 18

All of the following were mentioned as evidence supporting the role of genetics in determining sensitivity to alcohol EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Compensatory physiological responses becoming associated with specific environments refers to conditioning, not genetics. The other options all suggest a genetic component to sensitivity to alcohol.

Question 19

Research on pain reduction techniques has found that hypnosis:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that hypnosis is an effective treatment for pain and its effectiveness is not solely due to a placebo effect. Studies have found that hypnosis can reduce both the intensity and frequency of pain, as well as improve patients' quality of life. Hypnosis can also be used in conjunction with traditional medical treatments for pain management.

Question 20

Orne and Evans (1965)found that hypnotized participants could be induced to dip their hand in what they thought was acid and then throw it in another person's face.However,non-hypnotized participants who were told to pretend as if they were hypnotized were ________ to engage in the same behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Orne and Evans (1965) found that non-hypnotized participants who were told to pretend as if they were hypnotized were just as likely to engage in the same behavior as the hypnotized participants, indicating that the obedience observed might not be due to hypnosis per se, but rather to the participants' eagerness to comply with the experimental setup.

Quiz 6: States of Consciousness