Question 1

In psychology,the behavioural perspective was influenced by which philosophical perspective?

Accepted Answer

The behavioural perspective was influenced by British empiricism, which emphasizes the importance of experience and observation in knowledge acquisition. This perspective shaped the behaviourists' focus on observable behaviours and the environment's role in shaping them.

Question 2

Pavlov's research with dogs to salivate to a tone that had been paired with food helped lead to the development of which perspective?

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's research is a classic example of behaviourism, which emphasizes the importance of observable behaviour and reinforcement in learning.

Question 3

Sigmund Freud based some of his psychoanalytic theory on his investigation of which psychological disorder?

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychoanalytic theory was significantly influenced by his work on phobias, particularly through his case studies like that of "Little Hans," which helped him develop his theories on childhood anxiety and the unconscious mind.

Question 4

Steve is angry and frustrated at work.He consults with a therapist who asks Steve many detailed questions about his early childhood and interprets Steve's problems as being due to conflicts between his unconscious aggressive urges and his defence mechanisms.Steve's therapist would most likely identify with which psychological perspective?

Accepted Answer

The therapist's emphasis on unconscious conflicts and defence mechanisms indicates a psychodynamic perspective, which focuses on how unconscious forces and childhood experiences shape behavior and personality. The other perspectives would not typically delve as deeply into early childhood experiences or unconscious conflicts.

Question 5

The notion of "tabula rasa" is most consistent with which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

The concept of "tabula rasa" refers to the idea that humans are born with a blank slate and that their personality and behavior are shaped almost entirely by their environment and experiences. This aligns with choice A, which states that the environment determines most of our behaviour.

Question 6

The psychological perspective that focuses on the role of the external environment in influencing and affecting our actions is called the:

Accepted Answer

The behavioural perspective emphasises that our actions are a result of the external environment, rather than internal thoughts or unconscious drives. This perspective is concerned with observable behaviour and the ways in which it is influenced by rewards, punishments, and other stimuli in the environment.

Question 7

The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes all of the following causal factors EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective does not emphasize developmental stages as a causal factor. It instead focuses on the role of unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, and unresolved conflicts in shaping the individual's behavior and personality.

Question 8

Sigmund Freud assumed that humans are in a never-ending internal struggle because of the continuous conflict between:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, humans are in a never-ending internal struggle between their internal impulses and defences. This is known as the conflict between the id (our primal desires), the ego (our rational mind), and the superego (our moral code). The ego attempts to find a balance between the conflicting demands of these three entities, but the conflict never fully resolves, leading to ongoing tension and internal struggle.

Question 9

Sigmund Freud believed in the importance of unconscious and childhood experience factors.He based his beliefs on all of the following observations EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sigmund Freud believed in the importance of...

Question 10

Sigmund Freud speculated that people are afraid to acknowledge their sexual desires because these desires are:

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that during childhood, sexual desires are often met with punishment or disapproval, leading to fear or guilt associated with these desires. This is part of his theory on the development of the superego and the repression of desires.

Question 11

What common childhood factor was consistently reported by Sigmund Freud's patients?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud's patients consistently reported painful and forgotten sexual experiences from their childhood when undergoing psychoanalytic therapy. Freud theorized that early childhood experiences, particularly those involving sexuality, shape an individual's personality and behavior in adulthood. This concept is known as psychosexual development.

Question 12

When examining the many recent examples of violence in different cultures and around the world,a psychologist explains this is due to human beings' innate aggressive impulses.In order to reduce or eliminate this problem,this psychologist believes that we need to teach people techniques that will allow them to more effectively manage or redirect this aggressive energy.This psychologist most likely adheres to which psychological perspective?

Accepted Answer

The psychologist's view that human beings have innate aggressive impulses and that techniques are needed to manage or redirect this energy suggests a belief in the psychoanalytic theory, which is a key component of the psychodynamic perspective. This theory suggests that people have unconscious impulses and conflicts that are the root of their behavior.

Question 13

A psychologist is being interviewed on a local news program regarding the recent problems with school violence.The psychologist suggests that we need to change the environments in which our children are being raised by reinforcing the behaviours we would like to see our children demonstrate.This psychologist is most likely associated with which psychological perspective?

Accepted Answer

The suggestion to reinforce desired behaviors is most closely associated with the behavioural perspective, which focuses on how environmental factors shape learning and behavior. The other perspectives may focus more on internal mental processes, emotions, or personal growth.

Question 14

A psychologist who believes that the focus of psychology is not inner mental events but observable actions is most likely associated with which psychological perspective?

Accepted Answer

The behavioural perspective in psychology asserts that observable actions should be the focus of study, rather than mental events or an individual's internal thoughts and feelings. This perspective emphasizes the role of learning and experience in shaping behaviour.

Question 15

Sigmund Freud assumed that humans are in a never-ending internal struggle because of:

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that human behavior is driven by unconscious conflicts between internal impulses, such as the id's desire for pleasure, and defenses, such as the ego's use of rational thought to mediate these desires. These conflicts result in a never-ending internal struggle.

Question 16

A major criticism of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis is that:

Accepted Answer

One major criticism of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis is that many of its key concepts, such as the id, ego, and superego, are difficult to measure and therefore validate scientifically.

Question 17

The psychological defence mechanism that protects people from anxiety by keeping anxiety-producing thoughts,feelings,memories,and impulses in the unconscious is called:

Accepted Answer

Repression is a defence mechanism that allows individuals to push away anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, or memories from their conscious mind into their unconscious mind to function normally without feeling overwhelmed by anxiety. The memories or thoughts remain hidden in the unconscious, thus reducing the anxiety they produce.

Question 18

A researcher who is interested in discovering the common principles that influence human and animal is most likely associated with which psychological perspective?

Accepted Answer

The behavioural perspective looks at common principles that govern human and animal behavior and is interested in studying observable behavior and how it is shaped by environmental factors such as reinforcement and punishment. The other perspectives (humanistic, cognitive, and psychodynamic) are focused on different aspects of human behavior and do not necessarily address common principles between humans and animals.

Question 19

It has been said that no two children receive the same parenting as parents respond to and treat each child differently.Watson and Skinner would probably agree with this statement because ________________.

Accepted Answer

Watson and Skinner, both behaviorists, believed that behavior is learned and shaped by interactions with the environment. They would agree that a child's environment, including parental responses, changes based on the child's own behaviors and responses, thus supporting the idea that no two children receive the same parenting.

Question 20

Which technique did Sigmund Freud use to treat his patients?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud used the technique of free association to treat his patients. This technique involves allowing the patient to talk freely and express their thoughts without any censorship. The goal of free association is to help the patient uncover repressed feelings and conflicts that may be causing psychological distress.

Quiz 1: Psychology: the Science of Behaviour