Question 1

Zofia's dermatologist has recommended a drug called Accutane for her acne.Accutane has potentially serious detrimental effects on a fetus,so Zofia is required to have a pregnancy test both before she begins treatment and every month that she takes the medication.In this situation,Accutane would act as a/an ________________ on an unborn child.

Accepted Answer

A teratogen is a substance that can cause abnormalities in a developing embryo or fetus. Accutane has been shown to have harmful effects on fetuses, making it a teratogen. The other answer options (proximodistal, cephalocaudal, androgen) are not relevant to this situation.

Question 2

Three-year-old Hakeem's parents disagree over whether to attend an event related to his mother's job,and as they get more frustrated with each other,their voices grow louder.Unhappy and confused,Hakeem sticks his fingers in his ears.He is practicing

Accepted Answer

Hakeem is practicing emotion regulation by trying to block out the loud voices and unpleasant emotions from his parents' argument.

Question 3

Eliska is nine months old.One of her favourite games is peek-a-boo,and recently she has begun to pry at her mother's fingers when mother covers her face.Eliska has developed _______________,the understanding that mother is still behind her hands even when Eliska can't see her.

Accepted Answer

Eliska's ability to understand that her mother still exists even when she can't see her indicates that she has developed object permanence. This is a key milestone in cognitive development that typically occurs around 8-9 months of age. Sensory operations and conservation are related to more advanced stages of cognitive development, while concrete operations occur around age 7-12.

Question 4

Interested in learning how a man's financial standing affects his marital prospects,researchers compared five groups of men,each set ten years older than the previous one.This is called a ______________ design.

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional design involves comparing different groups at a single point in time, which is what the researchers did by comparing groups of men of different ages.

Question 5

Ryan's family has a beagle,so when he sees any small,four-legged furry creature he says "doggie." Grandmother and Ryan go for a walk in the park and pass a collie.Ryan says "Grandma,doggie," and grandmother says,"Yes,that is a doggie." Ryan adds the collie's appearance to his understanding of "doggie." In other words,he __________________ this dog into his concept of dogs.

Accepted Answer

Assimilation is the process of incorporating new experiences into existing schemas or concepts. In this case, Ryan is assimilating the collie's appearance into his existing concept of "doggie."

Question 6

Because Christel's father didn't like how strict his parents were when he was growing up,he gives his daughter everything she wants.He is proud of how well he and his daughter get along,even if other people tell him sometimes that she seems spoiled.Christel's father has a/an ________________ parenting style.

Accepted Answer

Christel's father is permissive and indulgent, giving his daughter everything she wants, which is characteristic of an indulgent parenting style.

Question 7

Georgina has a double stroller for her 11-month-old fraternal twins.She has noticed that when someone stops to admire the children,Jonah smiles and laughs if the stranger talks to him,whereas Irene is more likely to look up at her mother with an uncertain expression.If the stranger talks to Irene,she ducks her head and sometimes even covers her eyes with her hands.Since Georgina has treated both of her children the same way,she knows that Jonah and Irene have different

Accepted Answer

The observed differences in the twins' reactions suggest that they have different temperaments. Temperament refers to innate differences in how individuals approach and react to the world around them, and can manifest in differences in behavior, emotion, and attention. In this case, while both twins have been treated the same way by their mother, they have different reactions to social interactions with strangers, indicating differences in their temperaments.

Question 8

Ryan's family has a beagle,so when he sees any small,four-legged furry creature he says "doggie." Grandmother and Ryan go for a walk in the park and pass a cat.Ryan says "Grandma,doggie," and grandmother says,"No,that animal is a cat." Understanding that "doggie" and "cat" are not the same thing,Ryan modifies his mental category for dogs;that is,he _______________ the new information.

Accepted Answer

Accommodation is the process of altering one's existing mental categories or schema to incorporate new information. In this scenario, Ryan modifies his mental category for dogs after being corrected by his grandmother, indicating that he has accommodated the new information that "doggie" does not refer to all small, four-legged furry animals.

Question 9

Lexie enjoys talking to her infant sister Brianna.Lexie explains that she is three years old and holds up three fingers,then asks Brianna if she can do the same thing.Brianna waves her arms but doesn't seem to have much control over her finger movements.In words Lexie can understand her father explains that this is due to the ________________ principle.

Accepted Answer

The proximodistal principle refers to the pattern of development that starts from the center of the body and moves outward. This explains why Brianna, as an infant, has not yet developed fine motor control over her fingers.

Question 10

Researchers interested in learning how creativity affects one's marital prospects compared five groups of people;each set ten years older than the previous one.These different age groups are called

Accepted Answer

The term "cohorts" refers to a group of individuals who share a common experience or characteristic, such as being born in the same year or decade. In this case, the researchers are comparing five different age groups, each ten years older than the previous one, which fits the definition of cohorts. Cross-sections refer to a sample of individuals taken at the same point in time, critical periods refer to specific developmental stages, and longitudes refer to studying the same individuals over an extended period of time.

Question 11

Interested in learning how a woman's intelligence quotient affects her marital prospects,researchers gave intelligence tests to a sample of 11-year-old girls,then retested them and asked about their relationship status several times over the next 40 years.This type of study has a _______________ design.

Accepted Answer

This study follows the same group of individuals (11-year-old girls) over a period of 40 years, testing them multiple times and tracking changes in their relationship status. This is a classic example of a longitudinal study.

Question 12

At seven months Xiang could sit up by herself,at 9 months she could stand with an adult's support,at 13 months she could stand alone,and at 15 months she could walk alone.The process that allows Xiang's motor skills to develop at the same rate as other children's is called

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to the biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience, allowing Xiang's motor skills to develop at a typical rate.

Question 13

Five-year-old Esperanza knows that she is not supposed to take anything off the kitchen counter unless her mother gives her permission,but she can't resist the fresh cookies while her mother is out of the room.When mother returns to the kitchen,she looks at the cookies,looks at Esperanza,and asks if Esperanza took a cookie.Aware that her mother will not be happy if she says yes,Esperanza says no,she didn't take a cookie.Esperanza's ability to understand that her mother thinks about things differently than she does is called the theory of

Accepted Answer

The ability to understand that others have different beliefs, thoughts, and perspectives is known as theory of mind.

Question 14

In an old Tom and Jerry cartoon,a woodpecker egg rolls into Jerry's home and hatches.Because Jerry is the first animal the woodpecker sees,it yells "Mama!" and flings itself into Jerry's arms.To Jerry's dismay,he can't seem to convince the woodpecker that he is not its mama.The problem is that the woodpecker has _______________ Jerry.

Accepted Answer

The situation described in the scenario is an example of imprinting, which is a type of learning in which an animal forms an attachment to the first object it encounters after hatching or being born. In this case, the woodpecker imprinted on Jerry, mistaking him for its mother.

Question 15

When Lexie's parents come home from the hospital with her new sister,Brianna,Lexie asks why the baby's head is so big compared to her body.In words Lexie can understand her parents explain that physical growth starts with the head,as a result of the ________________ principle.

Accepted Answer

The cephalocaudal principle refers to the pattern of growth in which development starts with the head and progresses towards the rest of the body, meaning that the head grows more rapidly than the rest of the body during early development.

Question 16

Seven-year-old Jerusha is always upset when her older brother is given two slices of pizza but she gets only one.Until recently,Jerusha's mother could make her happy by cutting her pizza slice in half so that she now had two,but Jerusha has come to realize that cutting one slice in half isn't the same as getting two slices that are each the size of her brother's.Jerusha now understands

Accepted Answer

Jerusha's realization that one slice of pizza cut in half is not the same as two full slices demonstrates an understanding of conservation, which is the ability to recognize that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape or arrangement. This is a key concept in Piaget's theory of cognitive development and typically emerges during the concrete operational stage (around 7-12 years old). Sensory operations and object permanence are earlier developmental stages, while none of the options fully capture Jerusha's emerging understanding of quantity and measurement.

Question 17

Twelve-year-old Cedrick's English teacher often chooses spelling words that can be rearranged to make new words.Cedrick enjoys the challenge of anagrams and puzzles,and because he has always enjoyed science fiction comic books he has recently begun making up his own stories of planets with occupants completely unlike those on earth or in his science fiction comic books.Cedrick is most likely in Piaget's

Accepted Answer

Cedrick's enjoyment of anagrams and puzzles shows that he is capable of abstract thinking, which is a characteristic of the formal operational stage. Additionally, his ability to create his own stories involving unique planets suggests that he is able to think hypothetically, which is another key aspect of the formal operational stage.

Question 18

Ryan's family has a beagle,so when he sees any small,four-legged furry creature he says "doggie." The pattern of thought that provides Ryan with a concept with which to compare his understanding of "doggie" is called

Accepted Answer

A schema is a pattern of thought or mental framework that helps an individual organize and interpret information in their environment. In this case, Ryan's schema for a "doggie" is based on his family's beagle, which he uses as a comparison to identify other small, four-legged furry creatures as "doggies."

Question 19

In an old Tom and Jerry cartoon,a woodpecker egg rolls into Jerry's home and hatches.Because Jerry is the first animal the woodpecker sees,it yells "Mama!" and flings itself into Jerry's arms.As Jerry and the little woodpecker spend more time together,they form a true emotional bond called

Accepted Answer

The emotional bond that Jerry and the woodpecker form is called attachment, which occurs when a young animal becomes strongly linked to its caregiver. The woodpecker sees Jerry as its "mama," and seeks comfort and protection from him. This is an example of attachment in action.

Question 20

Stuart's father is a military officer who expects Stuart and his siblings to respond to his commands as if they were in the army.They must always answer him "yes,sir" or "no,sir" and do whatever their mother asks without question.His father never gives Stuart hugs or tells him he loves him,and Stuart often feels that he must earn his father's love by obeying his commands.Stuart's father has a/an __________________ parenting style.

Accepted Answer

Stuart's father is very strict and expects complete obedience without questioning or any affection, which aligns with an authoritarian parenting style. This style values discipline and control over independent thinking and emotional warmth.

Quiz 12: Development Over the Lifespan