Question 1

After encountering a number of patients who had physical problems without any apparent physical cause,Sigmund Freud reasoned that the causes must be psychological and beyond his patients' conscious awareness.For example,one of his patients,a woman named Anna O. ,sometimes developed paralysis in her limbs,even though there was nothing physically wrong with her.Based on his observations,Freud eventually developed a theory he called psychoanalysis.What was Freud actually analyzing?

Accepted Answer

Freud was analyzing internal, mostly unconscious psychological forces that he believed were causing physical symptoms in his patients. This led to the development of his theory of psychoanalysis, which focused on exploring the unconscious mind and bringing repressed thoughts and emotions to conscious awareness in order to resolve psychological problems.

Question 2

Temira tells her roommate,Carmella,that she recently read that people who paint their rooms blue get better grades.Carmella knows that painting their room will be a lot of work.Therefore,she asks Temira where she got her information and what evidence her sources had for their conclusion.She also wonders if there might not be another reason that people with blue rooms have higher grades-for example,maybe smart people prefer the colour blue.What skill is Carmella using?

Accepted Answer

Carmella is using critical thinking by questioning the validity of Temira's claim and considering alternative explanations for the correlation between blue rooms and better grades.

Question 3

Paxton has difficulty with dating.Whenever his friends point out a woman they think he should approach,he finds himself thinking about how she will probably reject him.As a result,he rarely asks anyone out,and he complains to his friends that women don't like "nice guys." A cognitive-behavioural therapist would probably say that Paxton should

Accepted Answer

A cognitive-behavioral therapist would focus on examining Paxton's thoughts and actions to see what is keeping him stuck in this pattern. This therapy often includes identifying and challenging negative thoughts and beliefs, developing new coping strategies, and practicing new behaviors. This approach would be a more practical and effective way to address Paxton's social anxiety and difficulties with dating. The other options are not applicable in this scenario.

Question 4

Latisha believes that when human beings are born their potential is unlimited.She also believes in the influence of nurture and rejects the idea of nature.In fact,she thinks that by controlling children's environments very carefully,she can train them to be anything she wants them to be.The psychological perspective she would probably agree with most is

Accepted Answer

Latisha's belief in controlling children's environments and training them to be anything she wants aligns with the principles of behaviourism, which focus on how the environment can shape and control behaviour. This perspective emphasizes the role of nurture over nature and believes that human potential is not predetermined but can be altered through conditioning and reinforcement.

Question 5

It has been said that no two people have the same parents,since parents respond to and treat each child differently.Watson and Skinner would probably ___________ with this statement because __________________.

Accepted Answer

Watson and Skinner, as behaviorists, would agree that the environment, including parental treatment, changes based on an individual's responses, leading to unique experiences for each child.

Question 6

Chloe is interested in better understanding how her mental processes work.She reflects on the internal processes taking place and records them in her journal.Chloe is __________________,the same approach the ___________ used.

Accepted Answer

Chloe is using introspection, which was a fundamental technique used by structuralists in the early days of psychology.

Question 7

Astrid's friend Evan is taking a psychology course.He tells her all about Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic perspective,John Watson's behavioural perspective,and Abraham Maslow's humanistic perspective.Astrid becomes frustrated,because some of the perspectives seem to say the same thing,just in different ways."What's the point of all the different perspectives?" she asks Evan."Why not use just one?" Evan should tell her that

Accepted Answer

Psychology has diverse historical roots, and different groups of psychological professionals emphasize different aspects of human behavior. Each perspective offers a unique way of understanding human behavior and mental processes, and together they provide a more comprehensive understanding of psychology as a whole. Additionally, the use of multiple perspectives allows for a more nuanced approach to studying and treating psychological disorders.

Question 8

Armand is watching a television show that says scientific studies have indicated that the environment's immediate response to our behaviour affects whether or not we will repeat it.Armand has been trying to teach his dog not to chew on his shoes,and after watching the show he realizes that yelling at his dog when he gets home from work isn't going to fix the problem-he has to catch his dog actually chewing his shoes.This is an excellent example of how

Accepted Answer

This scenario demonstrates how basic research, which focuses on understanding fundamental principles, can be applied to solve practical problems in everyday life, like training a dog not to chew on shoes. The scientific study mentioned in the television show likely involved basic research, which revealed that immediate environmental responses can impact behavior, and this principle was then applied by Armand to modify his own behavior towards his dog.

Question 9

Kalinda has been having trouble with her college classes.Each time a professor announces an assignment,she worries that she won't do it right.Every time she takes a test,she worries that she hasn't studied the right things.When her friends notice that she's been acting depressed and ask if she's all right,she tells them she can't do anything right.To help her,a cognitive therapist would probably suggest that Kalinda

Accepted Answer

Cognitive therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts and beliefs affect our emotions and behaviors. In this case, Kalinda's negative beliefs about herself and her abilities are causing her to feel depressed and anxious, which is impacting her ability to do well in school. A cognitive therapist would work with Kalinda to identify her negative thoughts and beliefs and help her to challenge and modify them, so that she can feel more confident and capable in her academic pursuits.

Question 10

Catherine has noticed that her friends are more likely to complain about stress around the holidays.She wonders how holidays and stress are related and what might be done to reduce people's stress levels.In other words,she wonders how one might solve the problem of holiday-related stress.To find out,she would need to use

Accepted Answer

Applied research involves using research to solve a specific problem or answer a practical question. Catherine is specifically interested in finding solutions to the problem of holiday-related stress, which is a practical concern. Therefore, she needs to use applied research to find solutions to this problem.

Question 11

Wynda is interested in which flirting behaviours women display most often when they are around men they like.She is not concerned about improving gender relations or solving any problems,just interested in the information for its own sake.Which type of research should Wynda use?

Accepted Answer

Wynda is looking for information for its own sake and is not concerned with practical applications. Therefore, she should use basic research, which seeks to expand our knowledge and understanding of a phenomenon without necessarily having any intended practical applications.

Question 12

Dr.Mateo believes that every child is born a blank slate.Children's early environments shape their personalities,though the children may be continually affected by their environments as they grow.Everything comes down to a simple principle in Dr.Mateo's mind: If our behaviours are followed by satisfying consequences,we will repeat them,and if the consequences are unsatisfying,we won't repeat them.Dr.Mateo is probably a ___________________ therapist.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Mateo's belief in the importance of environmental influences on behavior and the principle of consequences align with the principles of behavioural therapy.

Question 13

Dr.Banning believes that most of his clients' behaviours are due to unconscious internal forces.He is particularly interested in his clients' early family relationships.He often asks about how clients see their parents and themselves.Dr.Banning is probably a ______________ therapist.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Banning's focus on unconscious internal forces and early family relationships is consistent with the principles of psychodynamic therapy.

Question 14

After Liang has gone on three or four dates with the same person,he finds himself coming up with reasons why he doesn't like her.He has done this with everyone he has dated since his parents were divorced two years ago.He tells himself that his parents' divorce has nothing to do with his own behaviour and tells his friends that he simply is yet to meet a woman who meets his standards.A psychodynamic therapist might say that Liang

Accepted Answer

Liang's pattern of finding reasons to not like someone after a few dates suggests that he may be using defense mechanisms to avoid anxiety related to dating and romantic attachments. This behavior may be a way for him to protect himself from the vulnerability and potential pain of emotional intimacy.

Question 15

To explain cognitive processes in psychology to a friend,Samira uses a computer metaphor,saying the brain takes information in,processes it,stores it,and retrieves it.This same metaphor was used by scientists in the 1950s,60s,and 70s,a time that is sometimes referred to as

Accepted Answer

The cognitive processes explained by the computer metaphor were popularized during the cognitive revolution in psychology, which occurred during the 1950s-70s.

Question 16

Paxton has difficulty with dating.Whenever his friends point out a woman they think he should approach,Paxton thinks about how she will probably reject him.As a result,he rarely asks anyone out,and he complains to his friends that women don't like "nice guys." A humanistic therapist would probably say that Paxton should

Accepted Answer

A humanistic therapist would focus on self-exploration and personal values, encouraging Paxton to reflect on his own beliefs and desires regarding dating.

Question 17

Dewayne is taking a psychology class.He isn't really interested in discussions about the unconscious,childhood influences,or the way different structures in the brain work.Instead,he is interested in the purpose of certain psychological mechanisms.For example,he wonders why we feel disgusted by a food that made us sick or why some emotions are the same all over the world but others aren't.Dewayne is thinking most like a

Accepted Answer

Dewayne's interest in the purpose of psychological mechanisms aligns with the functionalist perspective, which emphasizes the function or purpose of behavior and mental processes rather than just their structure. The other options (monist, British empiricist, and structuralist) do not directly address Dewayne's focus on purpose/function.

Question 18

Rafael recently saw a movie in which a man killed his entire family because the ghosts that supposedly haunted his house told him to.The moviemakers claim that the story is based on real events and that the house in which the man lived is haunted.Rafael's psychology professor,however,says that people who hear voices usually have schizophrenia.To decide which "facts" to believe,the best question Rafael could ask himself is,

Accepted Answer

The best question Rafael could ask himself is about the evidence for and against each explanation. He should carefully examine the claims made by both the movie and his professor and look for reliable sources of information to determine which explanation is more plausible.

Question 19

Yvette has been struggling to decide which major she wants to declare.She has asked her friends and family for advice,but their answers have just confused her more.Finally,she decides to see a therapist.Rather than giving her more advice,her therapist says it's all right for her to struggle with these kinds of questions,and that all people have an internal force that moves us toward self-actualization.What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

The therapist is suggesting that Yvette is on a path towards self-actualization, which is the realization or fulfillment of one's potential. This is a concept from humanistic psychology, which posits that individuals have an innate drive to reach their full potential and find meaning and purpose in their lives. The therapist is indicating that Yvette should trust her own instincts and find her own unique path towards self-discovery and growth, and that the therapist will be there to support her through that process.

Question 20

While reading a magazine,Jordan sees an advertisement that claims that a new weight loss pill will help anyone lose weight without exercising.The advertisement includes a picture of a woman when she was obese and another picture of her looking thin and fit.Though the pictures are very compelling,Jordan knows that she needs to examine advertisements critically.Which of the following questions best represents critical thinking?

Accepted Answer

This question encourages critical thinking by prompting Jordan to consider alternative explanations for the woman's weight loss, which could challenge the advertisement's claims. Options A and B are less relevant to the central question of whether the weight loss pill is effective or not, while option C is focused more on external opinions rather than personal evaluation.

Quiz 1: Psychology: the Science of Behaviour

It has been said that no two people have the same parents,since parents respond to and treat each child differently.Watson and Skinner would probably _ with this statement because ________.

Chloe is interested in better understanding how her mental processes work.She reflects on the internal processes taking place and records them in her journal.Chloe is ________,the same approach the _ used.

Wynda is interested in which flirting behaviours women display most often when they are around men they like.She is not concerned about improving gender relations or solving any problems,just interested in the information for its own sake.Which type of research should Wynda use?

Dr.Banning believes that most of his clients' behaviours are due to unconscious internal forces.He is particularly interested in his clients' early family relationships.He often asks about how clients see their parents and themselves.Dr.Banning is probably a ______________ therapist.

To explain cognitive processes in psychology to a friend,Samira uses a computer metaphor,saying the brain takes information in,processes it,stores it,and retrieves it.This same metaphor was used by scientists in the 1950s,60s,and 70s,a time that is sometimes referred to as