Question 1

Carl Jung would have agreed that:

Accepted Answer

Jung believed in the existence of archetypes, which are universal symbols or patterns of behavior that can be found across cultures and time periods. The shadow archetype represents the darker, suppressed aspects of the self, and can be represented by figures such as Darth Vader or dragons.

Question 2

According to ________,there is a collective unconscious shared by all human beings,containing universal memories,symbols,and images that are the legacy of human history.

Accepted Answer

The concept of collective unconscious is a central idea in the analytical psychology of Carl Jung. According to Jung, this unconscious is shared by all human beings and is comprised of universal memories, symbols, and images inherited from human history.

Question 3

Brad is struggling with the concept of free will and the way in which it confers on us responsibility for our actions.He would be most likely to find a discussion of this issue in the writings of:

Accepted Answer

Rollo May was a prominent existential psychologist who explored the concept of free will and its role in human responsibility in his writings. Abraham Maslow, Melanie Klein, and Carl Rogers did not focus on this particular issue as extensively.

Question 4

When boys are in the Oedipal stage,according to Freud,they

Accepted Answer

The answer of When boys are in the Oedipal stage,according...

Question 5

Four-year-old Lindsey squeezes between her mommy and daddy as they sit together on the couch.She cuddles her daddy but refuses to kiss her mommy.This illustrates which Freudian concept?

Accepted Answer

This illustrates the Oedipus complex, which is a Freudian concept in which young children develop unconscious sexual desires for their parent of the opposite sex and view the same-sex parent as a rival. In this scenario, Lindsey is cuddling with her father, which can be seen as a result of her unconscious desire for her father, while she refuses to kiss her mother, who represents the rival in the Oedipus complex.

Question 6

What is the "third force" in psychology?

Accepted Answer

The "third force" in psychology refers to humanistic psychology, which emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the limitations of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Humanistic psychology emphasizes the individual's subjective experience and his or her unique potential for growth and self-actualization.

Question 7

Who of the following is NOT one of the leaders of the humanist movement in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Jerome Kagan is not considered one of the leaders of the humanist movement in psychology. He is known for his research on child development and temperament. The other three options (Rollo May, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers) are considered major figures in the humanistic approach to psychology.

Question 8

Among the differences between classic psychoanalysis and object-relations theory is the emphasis by Sigmund Freud on ________ and by Melanie Klein on ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Among the differences between classic psychoanalysis and...

Question 9

Which of the following theories of personality would be most likely to emphasize the freedom of individuals to choose to act in particular ways?

Accepted Answer

The humanist theory of personality emphasizes freedom of choice and self-direction. Humanists believe that individuals have the ability to make conscious choices and influence their own lives.

Question 10

In recent years,Freud has been criticized for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Freud has been criticized for many things including his methodologies, limited scope of subjects, creating a male-focused theory, and his interpretations of behavior. However, he did not actually bar women from becoming practicing psychoanalysts; in fact, his daughter Anna Freud was a well-known psychoanalyst herself. The other options listed are valid criticisms of Freud's work.

Question 11

Archetypes are:

Accepted Answer

Archetypes are universal symbols and images that can be found in myths, literature, art, and dreams. They are inherited patterns of thought or symbolic imagery that are often found in the collective unconscious of human beings. Examples of archetypes include the hero, the mother, the trickster, and the shadow.

Question 12

In Freud's view,the adult personality is the result of all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the development of the adult personality is influenced by the resolution of conflicts between the id and superego, the use of defense mechanisms, and progression through the psychosexual stages. However, he did not believe that acceptance of the opposite sex archetype of maleness or femaleness played a significant role in the formation of adult personality.

Question 13

Critics argue that psychodynamic theories are guilty of three scientific failings.Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms?

Accepted Answer

This is not one of the criticisms of psychodynamic theories. The three criticisms are A) the retroactive account, B) the violation of falsifiability principle, and C) drawing universal principles from atypical patients.

Question 14

A patient confides his homosexual orientation to his psychoanalyst.If the psychoanalyst shares the opinions of Sigmund Freud,he will view this sexual orientation as a:

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud viewed homosexuality as a variation of sexual function rather than a sin, source of shame, or perversion. He believed that all humans have the potential for homosexual impulses and that the distinction between homosexual and heterosexual impulses is not absolute. Therefore, if the psychoanalyst shares Freud's views, he or she will not view the patient's homosexual orientation as problematic or deviant but rather as a normal aspect of human sexuality.

Question 15

The personality theorist who described the importance of having peak experiences was:

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow is the personality theorist who described the importance of having peak experiences. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is the highest level of motivation, and peak experiences are moments of high self-actualization that bring about profound feelings of happiness, wonder, and awe. Maslow believed that peak experiences were essential for individuals to achieve personal growth and fulfillment.

Question 16

Although Freud's ideas have been subject to heavy criticism,modern research on these ideas would seem to suggest that one of Freud's most important contributions to the understanding of human nature is his emphasis on:

Accepted Answer

Modern research on cognitive processes, neuroscience, and mental health has supported the existence and impact of unconscious processes on people's behavior, emotions, and thoughts. Therefore, Freud's emphasis on the unconscious has been considered one of his significant contributions to the understanding of human nature.

Question 17

Prof.Hirth takes a humanist approach to personality.She would most likely agree that the most influential aspect of human personality is our:

Accepted Answer

A humanist approach to personality emphasizes the potential for individuals to shape their own futures and to reach their full potential through self-actualization. This perspective focuses on the importance of personal agency, rather than on external factors such as genetics or past learning. Therefore, Prof. Hirth would most likely agree that the capacity to shape our own futures is the most influential aspect of human personality.

Question 18

Sigmund Freud regarded the human infant as:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the human infant is ruled by its own instinctive drives and is driven by pleasure-seeking behaviors. Freud believed that the needs and wants of the infant are primarily centered around satisfying its basic needs like hunger, thirst, and elimination. As a result, the infant is an independent, greedy little organism that is solely concerned with its own satisfaction.

Question 19

According to Carl Jung,part of the legacy of human history is a:

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious is a part of the legacy of human history that is shared by all human beings. It contains universal memories, symbols, and images that are inherited from ancient ancestors and are expressed through dreams and myths. This theory suggests that there are certain archetypes or patterns of behavior that are shared across cultures and generations, such as the hero, the trickster, and the wise old man. This collective unconscious is not specific to any particular religion or gender, but rather is a fundamental aspect of the human psyche.

Question 20

In contrast to Freud's emphasis on the Oedipal period,object-relations theorists hold that the ________ of life are the most critical for the inner core of personality.

Accepted Answer

Object-relations theorists believe that the first two years of life, when the infant's personality is developing in relation to their primary caregiver, are the most critical for the formation of the inner core of personality. This is in contrast to Freud's emphasis on the Oedipal period, which occurs in the phallic stage of development around ages 3-6.

Quiz 14: Theories of Personality