Question 1

Using the example of tardiness,explain why the cultural diversity of North America can foster misunderstanding.

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Question 2

Researchers are interested in discovering which aspects of personality might have an inherited component.What two research methods are commonly adopted by psychologists who take a biological view of personality in answering this question? Describe the results of each method in detail.

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Question 3

Critics of psychodynamic theories argue that these theories are guilty of three scientific failings.Name each failing and then report your personal reaction to psychodynamic theory and its critics.

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Question 4

Explain what the authors mean when they say that adolescents live in two environments.What did psychologists discover when they surveyed freshmen at Cornell University regarding their behaviours and their interactions with parents?

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Question 5

During the phallic stage,young boys,but not young girls,experience a powerful motivating fear to give up their wishes to possess the parent of the opposite sex.What speculations led Freud to this conclusion?

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Question 6

In reading about different theories of personality in Chapter 14,you learned that one of the founders of humanist psychology was Abraham Maslow.According to Maslow,psychology focused too much on hostility,instincts,and repressed concepts (psychoanalytic view)and on reinforcers,punishers,and specific behaviours (behaviourist view).Instead,he suggested,psychology should focus on positive aspects of human nature and the characteristics of individuals who are striving for love,esteem,and self-actualization.It is interesting to note that the behaviourist tradition (discussed in Chapter 7)has shed light on ways that are effective and ineffective in the development of self-esteem and the nurturance of intrinsic talents and interests.Analyze the research on intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in light of Maslow's humanist theory.

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Question 7

In Chapter 2,How Psychologists Do Research,we learned that scientists must be willing to make a risky prediction that can be disproved by counterevidence.How does the principle of falsifiability apply to psychodynamic and humanist theories?

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Question 8

Describe the ways in which the object-relations school departs from Freudian theory in regard to the nature of male and female development.How does the object-relations school explain gender differences in close relationships during adulthood?

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Question 9

What are the key components in the structure of personality according to Sigmund Freud?

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Question 10

Describe the ways in which humanist psychologists have added balance to the study of personality.

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Question 11

Tempers erupt during the holiday season when the passengers of an airline are told that the flight has been overbooked.Trevor's response illustrates displacement,whereas his brother Greg's response illustrates regression.Describe the scene at the airport by giving an example of each boy's reaction.

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Question 12

Briefly describe the ways that your adult personality has been shaped according to Sigmund Freud's theory.

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Question 13

Define culture.Illustrate how a simple activity,such as exercising in the morning before work,may be influenced by whether a person is a member of an individualist culture or a collectivist culture.

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Question 14

Sybil's father was cruel to her throughout the early years of her childhood.His discipline was harsh and he constantly taunted her.As an adult,Sybil frequently sends him elaborate gifts to show the extent of her love.What Freudian concepts does this example suggest?

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Question 15

In response to the concerns of critics,some psychologists are using empirical methods to refine psychodynamic concepts.Describe one example of this contemporary research.

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Question 16

Our chapter opens with the story of Madonna.Compare how Madonna's personality would be explained by a behavioural psychologist and by a psychodynamic psychologist.

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Question 17

Carl Jung began his career as a close personal friend of Sigmund Freud as well as his follower in psychoanalysis.However,by 1914,Jung had left Freud's inner circle.Describe Jung's greatest difference with Freud.

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Question 18

Psychoanalyst Karen Horney modified Freud's theories in areas that she felt were bad science and insulting philosophy.Explain the modifications that she made in her psychodynamic theory.

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Question 19

Freud maintained that personality develops in a series of psychosexual stages.Name each of the stages in the order in which it appears and explain how a fixation at each stage might be manifest in an individual's personality.

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Question 20

What is meant by a "culture of honour"? What role does one's means of livelihood (herding vs.agriculture)play in this culture?

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Quiz 14: Theories of Personality