Question 1

Hoshino-Browne and colleagues (in press) tested the concept of cognitive dissonance in two different countries and found that

Accepted Answer

Canadian students showed cognitive dissonance by justifying their own choices but not those made for others, aligning with individualistic cultural tendencies.

Question 2

The tendency to see the world holistically in Eastern culture and analytically in Western culture seems rooted in the cultures' _________________.

Accepted Answer

The way in which Eastern and Western cultures approach the world can be traced back to their unique histories and philosophies. Eastern cultures, such as those influenced by Taoism and Buddhism, tend to see the world as interconnected and holistic, while Western cultures, influenced by Greek philosophy and the scientific method, tend to see things in terms of cause-and-effect relationships and analyze them analytically.

Question 3

Despite some cross-cultural differences people share many similarities in how they ___________ emotions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Despite some cross-cultural differences people share many...

Question 4

People from Eastern cultures perceive the world more ____________ and less ____________ than people from Western culture.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that people from Eastern cultures perceive the world in a more holistic manner, focusing on the context and interrelationships between things, while people from Western cultures tend to perceive the world in a more analytical manner, focusing on individual components and their attributes.

Question 5

Susan was born in China and immigrated to Canada to go to university. She went to a flea market with some of her friends that she met at school. They were looking through bins of used CD's and judging how good they were. Susan chose an instrumental CD, and her friend Jane chose a blues CD. They continued looking at CD's after their purchase and rating how good they thought they were. Based on studies of cognitive dissonance, which statement is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Susan was born in China and immigrated...

Question 6

In a study of Chinese and American students, Norenzayan and colleagues found that both groups greatly overestimated the correlation between behaviour in one context with behaviour in another. This finding shows that it seems people from both Eastern and Western cultures

Accepted Answer

The study found that both Chinese and American students overestimated the correlation between behavior in one context with behavior in another, indicating that both cultures tend to believe that people have stable dispositions. This suggests that people in both cultures tend to see behavior as consistent across different situations, rather than as varying due to situational factors.

Question 7

It seems our biology has provided

Accepted Answer

Humans have a universal set of emotional facial expressions, such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear, which are recognized across different cultures.

Question 8

Reasoning that emphasizes considering all possible influences and balancing competing forces is called ________________ reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Holistic reasoning involves considering all possible factors and balancing competing forces to arrive at a more comprehensive, nuanced understanding of a particular situation or issue. This type of reasoning takes into account many different perspectives, rather than just relying on one narrow view. Situational reasoning focuses on the specific context of a given situation, while analytical reasoning emphasizes breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts. Personal reasoning is individualistic and based on one's own experiences and beliefs.

Question 9

Which statement is not true?

Accepted Answer

The statement that studies have found huge cultural differences in people's reasoning capacity is not true. In fact, studies have found that human brains seem to share a remarkably similar capacity for reasoning, regardless of culture.

Question 10

Reasoning that emphasizes the proper use of rules and that contradictory statements cannot be true is called ________________ reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Analytical reasoning involves following a logical sequence of steps and rules to reach a conclusion or solution. It emphasizes the importance of consistency and coherence in argumentation, and rejects contradictory statements as false. This type of reasoning is commonly used in fields such as mathematics, philosophy, and science. Situational reasoning focuses on context-specific factors and the practical, real-world implications of different courses of action. Holistic reasoning takes a more comprehensive, big-picture perspective and often incorporates multiple factors and perspectives. Personal reasoning is subjective and relies heavily on individual beliefs, values, and experiences.

Question 11

When _________________, Easterners see personality as just as potent a cause of behaviour as Westerners do.

Accepted Answer

When the situation is not salient, Easterners, like Westerners, attribute behavior to personality, as they are not influenced by situational factors.

Question 12

According to cultural research by Heine and Lehman (1999) on cognitive dissonance,

Accepted Answer

According to Heine and Lehman's research, Canadians protect their individualistic self-concepts by seeing their choices as good choices, which is in line with the individualistic culture of Canada.

Question 13

Although people from Eastern cultures believe people have stable personalities, they make more situational attributions because they perceive world

Accepted Answer

People from Eastern cultures tend to have a holistic view of the world, which means they consider multiple factors and contexts when judging a situation. This leads them to make more situational attributions, even though they believe in stable personalities.

Question 14

Eastern cultures have been heavily influenced by ______________ philosophy and western cultures have been heavily influenced by _______________ philosophy.

Accepted Answer

Eastern cultures have been heavily influenced by Chinese philosophy, such as Confucianism and Taoism, while Western cultures have been heavily influenced by Greek philosophy, including the works of philosophers like Plato and Aristotle.

Question 15

In seeing the world more holistically, Eastern people

Accepted Answer

Eastern cultures often emphasize the importance of social context and relationships, making individuals more attuned to the social constraints and dynamics of a situation.

Question 16

According to research on cognitive dissonance,

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that culture can shape the experience of cognitive dissonance. While individualistic and collectivistic cultures may have different ways of dealing with it, no culture is completely immune to cognitive dissonance. However, it is not accurate to say that people experience cognitive dissonance differently based on their culture and that no two cultures share the same experience.

Question 17

Cohen and Gunz's study of ambiguous facial expressions showed that students born in Canada projected ______________ onto the ambiguous face, whereas students born in Asia projected ______________ onto the ambiguous face.

Accepted Answer

Canadian students projected their own feelings onto the ambiguous face, while Asian students projected complementary emotions.

Question 18

People from Western cultures are more likely than people from Eastern cultures to prefer ____________ rather than ____________ explanations for others' behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Western cultures tend to emphasize individualism, leading to a preference for personal (dispositional) explanations over situational ones for behavior.

Question 19

When the situation is not salient, Easterners see ______________ as just as potent a cause of behaviour as Westerners do.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When the situation is not salient, Easterners...

Question 20

In individualistic cultures the display of emotions tends to be ______________ than in collective cultures.

Accepted Answer

In individualistic cultures, emotions are often expressed more intensely as personal expression and individual feelings are valued.

Quiz 8: Altruism: Helping Others